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Volume 27 (1985)
- Issue 4 Pages 177-
- Issue 3 Pages 125-
- Issue 2 Pages 63-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 27, Issue 3
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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SHUNYA SOGON, CARROLL E. IZARD1985 Volume 27 Issue 3 Pages 125-132
Published: December 20, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was designed to compare abilities to recognize emotion from photographic stimuli in mentally retarded and normal children. Subjects were 22 kindergarten children, 30 second-grade elementary school children, and 12 institutionalized mentally retarded children. Since photographs depicted Caucasian's facial expressions, the percentage of correct judgment was lower than the case when using Japanese actors. Surprise, acceptance, and sorrow were distinguishable emotions for the normal children, while surprise, anger, and joy expressions were distinguishable emotions for the mentally retarded group. Mentally retarded children showed longer latency than normal ones. They judged more accurately expressions of anger and joy. Even with cross-cultural stimuli, ability to recognize facial expressions develops along with social experiences.View full abstractDownload PDF (582K) -
Conversational asymmetry re-examinedKUMIKO KAWAMURA1985 Volume 27 Issue 3 Pages 133-144
Published: December 20, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLinguistic behavior of a 2-year-old and of four adults in dyadic interaction were examined in two conversational modes: One where the topic was about an on-the-spot object with object-related side activities involved, and the other where the topic was not about an on-the-spot object with no side activity involved. Cross-classified tables of speaking turns were analyzed to determine how the probabilities that one's turn included certain components (response, spontaneous utterance, question, confirmation) were influenced by mode and the partner's preceding turn. It was found that in the former mode, the child was more active and made spontaneous utterances frequently, responded well to “given” questions yet poorly to “new” ones; the adult asked fewer questions and responded with shorter confirmations. In contrast, in the latter mode, the child was reserved and made fewer spontaneous utterances, responded well to “new” questions yet poorly to “given” ones; the adult actively asked both “new” and “given” questions. Thus, dynamic variations of conversational asymmetry were observed and their implications for the child's development discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (885K) -
TETSU MIYAOKA, TADAAKI MANO, HIDEKO FUKUDA1985 Volume 27 Issue 3 Pages 145-153
Published: December 20, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing vibrotactile stimuli, threshold curves and equal-sensation contours were determined on the glabrous skin of four adult human subjects. Threshold curves were measured between 1 Hz and 50 Hz. When plotted on log-log coordinates, their values decreased linearly at 1-16 Hz, became constant at about 16-30 Hz, and decreased again at 35-50 Hz. Equal-sensation contours were measured between 1 Hz and 16 Hz. They decreased monotonously as a function of frequency and curved downward particularly concavely when the standard stimulus amplitude was greater. Therefore, at the stimulus range of 1-16 Hz, threshold curves were more or less linear, but equal-sensation contours were curved downward concavely especially at large standard stimuli. This discrepancy seemed to be caused by the difference in mechanoreceptive unit types which took part in subjective responses. It would seem that suprathreshold sensation depends on several types of units, whereas vibrotactile thresholds depend mainly on the rapidly adapting unit.View full abstractDownload PDF (659K) -
SHINSUKE HISHITANI1985 Volume 27 Issue 3 Pages 154-162
Published: December 20, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBoth sentence-generation and imagery-formation are effective coding strategies in learning and memory of verbal materials. However, the problem of which is the more effective, or whether the efficiency of both strategies is the same or not, has not been decided yet. For this problem two theoretical standpoints are possible. One is the semantic elaboration model, and the other is the imagery elaboration model. In previous studies, both models have empirical supports. Here, this problem was examined by introducing the variable of imagery differences. Prior to the experiments, the VVIQ was administered to subjects (160 undergraduates) in order to assess their imagery ability. The main findings were as follows: Imagery-formation is more effective than sentence-generation in memory of verbal materials, the effects of imagery-formation continues longer in good imagers than in poor imagers, and good imagers are apt to voluntarily use imagery in processing input information. These results supported the imagery elaboration model, and this model was refined in order to explain the effects of imagery differences and coding strategies on memory.View full abstractDownload PDF (571K) -
The joint influence of prior expectancy and the diagnosticity of current informationTATSUYA KAMEDA1985 Volume 27 Issue 3 Pages 163-172
Published: December 20, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of prior stereotypical expectancy on academic evaluation was examined by varying the information value of a target's current behavior. Following the procedure of Darley and Gross (1983), 62 male and 12 female undergraduate volunteers were asked to evaluate academic abilities of a target child. Half of them were told in advance that the child came from a high socio-economic class, and the other half that he came from a low socio-economic class. Then subjects were asked to examine the results of an academic test in which the child's performance was high, moderate, or low, and to evaluate his abilities in several subject areas. “Labeling effects” occured. That is, given identical performance, the subjects given high socio-economic status information rated the child's abilities higher than those given low socioeconomic status information. This effect emerged mainly under moderate performance of the child, and almost disappeared under high or low performance. These results were discussed from a Bayesian perspective using the concept of datum diagnosticity.View full abstractDownload PDF (800K) -
TOMOKAZU HAEBARA1985 Volume 27 Issue 3 Pages 173-175
Published: December 20, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWatanabe (1984, this journal) has recently proposed a split-half procedure for solving a regression problem between true scores. The present article adds some information by (1) pointing out equivalence between his solution and Kristof's result on the reliability of a test consisting of three congeneric parts, and (2) presenting an alternative approach which avoids a practical problem associated with Watanabe's procedure. Consistency of Watanabe's and our solutions with the attenuation formula for the regression coefficient is also noted.View full abstractDownload PDF (166K) -
1985 Volume 27 Issue 3 Pages e1
Published: 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (16K)
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