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Volume 30 (1988)
- Issue 3 Pages 95-
- Issue 2 Pages 49-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 30, Issue 2
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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MINORU KARASAWA1988 Volume 30 Issue 2 Pages 49-59
Published: June 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe hypotheses of the present study were as follows:(a) The more cohesive the ingroup is, the greater the ingroup favoritism will be;(b) When a high-cohesive ingroup is inferior to the outgroup on a certain dimension, inferiority will increase ingroup favoritism on another dimension, whereas in a low-cohesive ingroup, inferiority will have a derogatory effect. Male undergraduates participated in three-man discussion groups, and were told that they would be observed by female college students. Inferiority was manipulated by means of fictitious feedback ratings from the (non-existent) female students. Cohesiveness was manipulated by bogus feedback of attractiveness ratings among the ingroup members. Ingroup favoritism was measured by the differences between the ratings of two essays, one of which was purportedly written by an ingroup member and the other by an outgroup member. The hypotheses were largely supported. The present results validated the assumption that intergroup social comparison processes mediate ingroup favoritism.View full abstractDownload PDF (903K) -
An intrinsic constraint on creationSUSUMU ITO1988 Volume 30 Issue 2 Pages 60-67
Published: June 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study investigated two basic processes in creating activity, the generating and selecting processes, based on an experimental analysis of pattern production. A two-process model of creating activity was proposed in terms of pattern production and three experiments were conducted with 41 to 98 college students, guided by the model. The first two experiments, in which subjects produced figural patterns under three task conditions, showed that the production rates of patterns were biased toward specific pattern structures regardless of the task differences. In the third experiment, the selection rates of patterns were measured and it was shown that the bias of the production rates cannot be attributed to a selection bias but to the structural dependency of generation. The results were analyzed based on the model and the specific form of the structural dependency of generation was estimated. It was concluded that the structural dependency of generation can be an intrinsic constraint on creation.View full abstractDownload PDF (573K) -
A social decision scheme approachMARK F. STASSON, KAORU ONO, SUZI K. ZIMMERMAN, JAMES H. DAVIS1988 Volume 30 Issue 2 Pages 68-77
Published: June 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNinety-six university students (66 males and 30 females) responded to four short problems associated with one of the following three cognitive biases: Representativeness, availability, and inappropriate diagnostic reasoning. The subjects either worked on the problems individually or as members of four-person groups, discussing the problems in order to reach group judgments. Social Decision Scheme Theory (Davis, 1973) was used to test six hypothesized group consensus processes. Results showed that the best fitting Social Decision Schemes varied across tasks, ranging from “truth-supported wins”(a process that leads groups to increased performance) to “bias wins”(a process that leads groups to a higher proportion of biased decisions).View full abstractDownload PDF (764K) -
TOMOYASU NAKAMURA, SHIGEO KASHIWAGI, HARUO YANAI1988 Volume 30 Issue 2 Pages 78-87
Published: June 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis article presents a new matrix method of analysis of sociometric data, which is more reliable and more efficient than the conventional methods in obtaining full informations relevant to the subgroup structure underlying the sociometric data. The method extracts the orthogonally and the obliquely transformed components, using the procrustean factor rotation in multiple factor analysis. First, a hypothetical target matrix is constructed by principal component analysis of the mutual choice data matrix, and then to approximate the target matrix the orthogonally and obliquely transformed components are obtained based on the choice and received choice data matrices. A tentative application to the results of a sociometric test given to junior high school students suggests that the method is adequate for extracting full informations from both types of sociometric data matrices, and for revealing the salient subgroups hidden in the matrices.View full abstractDownload PDF (618K) -
KAORI SATO1988 Volume 30 Issue 2 Pages 88-93
Published: June 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn social dilemma experiments, the positive effect of trust on the level of cooperation has been repeatedly demonstrated. However, the effect of trust is expected only when the members behave strategically. Since strategic considerations are less relevant in larger groups, the effect of trust is hypothesized to diminish as the group size increases. The hypothesis was clearly supported in an experiment using 3-person and 7-person groups: The trust by size interaction was significant with the simple main effect of trust being significant only in 3-person groups, but not in 7-person groups.View full abstractDownload PDF (517K) -
1988 Volume 30 Issue 2 Pages e1
Published: 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (18K)
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