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Volume 11 (1975)
- Issue 6 Pages 625-
- Issue 5 Pages 501-
- Issue 4 Pages 377-
- Issue 3 Pages 251-
- Issue 2 Pages 125-
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Volume 11, Issue 3
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Toshi TAKAMORI, Masatada YONEMOCHI1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 251-256
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents a design method of a pneumatic transmission filter with a low-pass characteristic. The principle of the design method is based on the theory of syntesis on electrical passive networks. The elements forming pneumatic filters are loss-less unit lengths of parallel capillaries and volumes, and the mutually cascade connection of these elements realizes a pneumatic ladder network with a desired low-pass characteristic.
By the method mentioned above, some filters are manufactured, and these characteristics are experimentally examined. A summary of the results of these examinations is shown below.
1) All of the filters have a good low-pass characteristic, but in comparing it with a desired characteristic, the characteristic distortion appears in the neighbourhood of a cut-off frequency.
2) The magnitude of the distortion increases as the order of the approximating function increases.
3) It is pointed out from a theoretical analysis that the distortion may be caused by loss components in unit lengths of parallel capillaries.View full abstractDownload PDF (709K) -
Sadahiko MORI1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 257-262
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe utility of the double diffraction interferometer having an extended light source was examined theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical development on the basis of the scalar diffraction theory, the source was assumed to be a set of point sources and the followings were shown.
(1) It is possible to construct a practical interferometer using an extended source if a zonular spatial frequency filter of an adequate width (refer to Trans. SICE 11-2, 160/167 (1975)) is used and if the source is so thin that the width of its geometrical image on the filter plane is not much larger than that of the filter.
(2) Spatial coherency of the source has no effect on the phase of interferential fringes. It has so little effect on the visibility of the fringes that it has no substantial meaning in the practical use of the interferometer.
Experiments were carried out by using a variable slit illuminated by a sodium lamp or an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp. Experimental results supported theoretical ones. It was shown also that even when the main beam was partially affected by the filter after passing through the object, the practical utility of the interferometer was not lost although the maximum allowable width of the slit was reduced.View full abstractDownload PDF (2280K) -
Yajiro MORITA, Akira KOBAYASHI, Kozo MATSUMOTO1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 263-268
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new method is proposed for accurate measurement of surface temperature of various surfaces. In order to provide known stable surface temperatures, an electrically heated hollow SiC pipe is used.
The surface temperature is measured with a contacting temperature sensor whose initial temperature is controlled before contact. A few trial contacts are made, each being brief and with a different initial temperature. The derivative of temperature change of temperature sensor is recorded each time. By evaluating the recorded derivatives, the true surface temperature is obtained.
The proposed method has the following advantages.
1) No need of large contact pressure onto the surface, and therefore the possibility of applying it onto a very soft surface.
2) Minimum thermal disturbance owing to the employment of the differentiater.
3) Accuracy in the low temperature range (±1°C in 20∼200°C).
4) Convenience for coupling the measurement device with a data handling system.
The paper reviews the historical and available techniques, presents the theoretical background and describes the experimental setup, the instrumentation and the test results.View full abstractDownload PDF (1389K) -
Tadao INOUYE, Makoto NARA1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 269-274
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA comparison among the cesium clocks of four laboratories remotely located from each other in Japan has been carried on for more than one year using the synchronizing method by the television broadcast.
This paper describes the stability of the comparison via common emission. Since the time dispersion in an ordinary equipement for time comparison was estimated to be larger than that in such passive paths as the atmosphere and coaxial cables, it was expected that better stability of comparison could be attained mainly by improving the equipment. The improvement was brought about by introducing a specially made tuner which has a quartz crystal oscillator as a local one and by realizing better temperature characteristics of the coupling circuit between the TV receiver and the separater of horizontal synchronizing pulse. The frequency stability for one improved equipment was about 1×10-8 τ-1 over the range of the averaging time, τ, from 0.5s to 105s. The time dispersion of the equipment was estimated to be 10ns from the above value.
The frequency stability observed by the comparison of the clocks at National Research Laboratory of Metrology (NRLM) in Itabashi, Tokyo and at Radio Research Laboratories (RRL) in Koganei, Tokyo was about 4× 10-13 τ-1/2 (5 days≤τ≤20 days). The distance from the emission antenna, Tokyo tower, to NRLM is about 11km, that from the antenna to RRL about 21km.View full abstractDownload PDF (1418K) -
Takao HINAMOTO, Sadao MAEKAWA1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 275-280
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper describes a method of identification of a nonlinear system composed of a cascade connection of a zero-memory nonlinear element and a linear element. The characteristics of the zero-memory nonlinear element is represented by the stepwise approximation and the dynamics of the linear element is represented by the impulse response.
In this paper, the squared difference of the outputs of the unknown system and of its mathematical model is used as a performance index, and the estimated parameters are adjusted so as to minimize the performance index by an improved gradient method.
The convergence of the estimated parameters is studied theoretically and a method for choosing coefficient quick convergence and high accuracy of the estimated parameters is proposed.
Some examples are simulated by a digital computer and the results support the theory described in this paper.View full abstractDownload PDF (805K) -
Kenko UCHIDA, Etsujiro SHIMEMURA1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 281-288
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe quadratic optimal control problems in linear continuous time stochastic systems with a nonclassical information structure are studied. To specify the information structure the systems are described by the integral equations which describe the causal relation between control variables and measurement variables. Under the assumption of Gaussian version of random variables, sufficient conditions for information structures which guarantee the linear optimal solutions are derived. Sufficient conditions under which the optimal solutions are the linear functions of state estimates are also obtained. As a special case of nonclassical information structures the problems of delayed information structures are discussed and the features of classical information structures are clarified.View full abstractDownload PDF (1100K) -
Shigeru EIHO, Bunji KONDO1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 289-295
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper deals with a learning mechanism which uses the statistical decision method. It discusses in detail the minimax decision function which is usually effective when the control experience is limited. It deduces the necessary condition for the minimax decision function in the light of the theory of games. It also shows that the optimal minimax decision function is obtainable by the linear programming method.
The paper goes on touch on the learning ability of the optimal minimax decision function. It suggests the relaxed minimax decision function obtained by relaxing the condition for the minimax decision function. The function thus obtained is suggested for use where the optimal minimax decision function lacks some learning ability.
The relaxed minimax decision function, the paper tells us, does the same work that the minimax decision function does where the control experience is limited. As the control experience increases, the function can do the same work that the empirical Bayes decision function does.View full abstractDownload PDF (873K) -
SMARTHiroyuki TAMURA, Nobuyuki UENO1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 296-302
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper is concerned with a recursive state estimation of the system which includes distributed and/or multiple pure delays. The overall system equation of this problem is a multi-dimensional linear difference equation of high-order. First the state estimation problem for this distributed-delay model is formulated. Starting from a postulated linear estimator, a recursive suboptimal filter equation is derived. It is shown that by the filter developed in this paper the delay terms can be easily handled without reducing the multi-dimensional high-order system equation to a conventional larger dimensional first-order system equation. In the case that there is no delay terms in the overall system, the filter algorithm developed in this paper is consistent with the Kalman filter. A numerical example is included.View full abstractDownload PDF (778K) -
Hajime AKASHI, Kazuo NOSE1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 303-309
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis article presents a new result in the optimal control of a linear stochastic system with respect to a quadratic performance criterion.
It is assumed that the system is in “switching environment” as defined by Ackerson and Fu. The switching environment is expressed in terms of a stationary two state Markov chain with unknown transition probability. According to the Markov dependent switching environment, the system operates in the presence of nongaussian system noise and measurement noise which are timewise and mutually correlated, and are dependent on the nongaussian initial state.
Separability, neutrality and certainty equivalence previously proved for the so-called Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian problem are established in this stochastic optimal control problem. In this connection, a counterexample is found for the conjecture by Patchell and Jacobs that neutrality may be a sufficient condition for certainty equivalence.View full abstractDownload PDF (871K) -
Kenji ARAKI1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 310-315
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of the unevenness of the underlaps of a 4-way valve on the gain constant and the natural frequency of a valve-controlled cylinder and on a pneumatic servo are investigated. Special emphasis is placed on studying parasitic oscillations which occur in a highpressure pneumatic servo with an uneven-underlap 4-way valve. It is observed that when the supply pressure (ps) to the pneumatic servo is high, parasitic oscillations are apt to occur at low load-port pressures (much lower than 0.8ps), but they don't occur at high loadport pressures (higher than 0.8ps). However, the resolution of the pneumatic servo deteriorates as the loadport pressure approaches to the supply pressure. The mechanisms of these phenomena are cleared theoretically. Applying an appropriate dither signal, the pneumatic servo nay be stabilized, and so the parasitic oscillation may disappear, and the resolution of the servo may be also improved. The wave forms of parasitic oscillation obtained by the theoretical analysis resemble the measured ones. The analog computer results agreed well to the measured wave forms.View full abstractDownload PDF (1833K) -
Motofumi SASAKI, Takashi SOEDA1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 316-321
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents a simplification of a large reducible stochastic system. First, by using a modal approach for a simplification of a linear time-invariant dynamical system, the equations to express the mean and covariance of the state variales of a large reducible stochastic system are simplified. Second, a technique of deriving a simplified model from the above two simplified equations with respect to the mean and the covariance is denoted. The errors between the simplified models and the original systems are evaluated quantitatively. Finally, a numerical example of a second order system is shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.View full abstractDownload PDF (697K) -
Takashi MATSUMOTO1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 322-327
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome properties of functions resulting from min-max operations are discussed. It turns out that continuity is preserved under min-max operations. It is also shown that min-max functions are directionally differentiable under certain assumptions although they are not generally differentiable. Finally the paper gives conditions under which algebraic equations involving min-max functions are solvable. Some of the possible applications are mentioned.View full abstractDownload PDF (696K) -
Yasuo TACHIBANA, Masaru SUDO1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 328-332
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper deals with an observation method of derivative signal using a hybrid filter. The derivative signal is produced by integrating the product of an input and a sawtooth wave over a finite time interval T. The sawtooth wave has period T. Three such derivative signals are provided for sampling of period T/3. Their initial points of integration are at intervals of T/3.
The approximate frequency characteristic of this hybrid filter is derived. In order to check the properties of this filter in the time domain, a digital simulation was carried out. And some examples of this simulation are presented.View full abstractDownload PDF (562K) -
Katsuji UOSAKI1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 333-340
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe performance of a state estimation algorithm of a nonlinear stochastic dynamical system based upon the stochastic approximation procedure is discussed from the viewpoint of asymptotic efficiency.
Using Fabian's theorem, we first derive the asymptotic distribution of the estimated error (xn-xn), and obtain the asymptotic efficiency of the state estimation algorithm based upon the stochastic approximation.
Then, we show that it is necessary to transform the deviation (yn+1-fn+1(gn(xn))) by the transformation function corresponding to the probability distribution function of the observation noise in order to improve the asymptotic efficiency.
Finally, the optimal transformation function and the improvement factor of the asymptotic efficiency are given for several distributions.View full abstractDownload PDF (842K) -
Hironori HIRATA, Takeshi FUKAO1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 341-347
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMargaref asserted that Ashby's law of requisite variety-the more complexity and intensity of interaction among elements in the system increase, the more stable the system becomes-would be valid in the ecological systems based on his practical studies of ecological systems.
This paper proposes an index for stability in the sense that the ecological system is more stable when less influenced by the envirmental fluctuations. A concrete example is given to support Margaref's assertion.
Our model is a modified Volterra predatorprey model including the hysterisis effect and two inputs which are the environmental input and the human control.
To prepare for studying the stability we also discuss the statistical relations between the environment and the population, the population response for the control input, and the control of macro growth rate.View full abstractDownload PDF (928K) -
Hidefumi KOBATAKE1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 348-353
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents an algorithm for least squares estimation of the states of a dynamic system. This method based on a modification of the Gauss-Newton method posesses characteristics of both the steepest descent method and the Gauss-Newton method. Consequently, it has the advantage of quick convergence over the steepest descent method and the advantage of good stability over the Gauss-Newton method. This method is useful when the observer of the states of the system is very noisy and/or when the initial estimation errors are large. A computer simulation substantiates the above remarks. The application to the parameter estimation of a response model of the human operator in a control system is also shown.View full abstractDownload PDF (818K) -
Tsutomu MITA1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 354-360
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe zeros of single input/output linear stationary systems have following two properties: (1) the positions of the zeros are invariant under a state feedback, and (2) they become the poles of the unobservable subspace if the unobservable subspace could be made by an appropriate state feedback. And these two properties are used for the stability criteria of the systems which have zero outputs or zero sensitivity.
This paper extends these concepts to a class of multi inputs/outputs systems.
The results give a new meaning to the numerator polynomials of the McMillan form of the transfer function, and also provide the stability criteria of multi inputs/outputs system which have zero outputs or zero sensitivity.View full abstractDownload PDF (765K) -
by a Bayesian Estimation ProcessYoshiharu KURITA, Masanao MORIMURA1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 361-365
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of the measurement is to gain quantitative knowledge of certain object of study and it may be achieved, in most case, by taking readings of an analog instrument. From a standpoint of information theory, we can regard measurement as reducing entropy which defines the uncertainty of our knowledge. In view of this, we investigate the possibility of using the information method of analysis for estimating the uncertainty of our knowledge which changes with number of readings.
Following and generalizing the previous report, we can evaluate the average amount of information as we take n readings in static measurement by means of Bayesian estimation process. In view of the result of this evaluation, we may expect that the accuracy of measurement, in a wide sense, when measured by the amount of information, increases nearly proportionally by √n.
Finally we estimate the parameter of error distribution of the measuring system from the scatter of n readings when n is moderately large. In this sense, when we know only the pattern of n readings, we can estimate the transition of the expected amount of information as n=2, 3, 4, … and this transition diagram is illustrated.View full abstractDownload PDF (607K) -
Takehiko KAWASE1975 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 366-374
Published: June 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe power transducing mechanism of the hydraulic torque converter is quite different from that of the mechanical or electromagnetic coupling. In this paper, the dynamical behavior of a torque converter with 1-stage, 1-phase and 3-element is analyzed as a 2-port circuit element. The geometrical interpretation of the Lagrangian dynamics of the impeller and the fluid flow crearly reveals the process of power transducing through the impeller.
By the geometrical representations, the torque converter operation is quantitatively evaluated employing the admittance matrix for small deviations from the steady state operation. And the interrelations of these admittance characteristics of the converter, with those of other system components such as the prime mover and the load generator, are clarified in terms of the driving point admittances evaluated at the input and the output terminals of the converter.
The main results obtained are as follows.
1) The unsteady motion of the fluid in the impeller has little relationship with the dynamics of the rotating mechanical parts. The frequency range in which these two dynamical parts produce considerable effects, depends on their time constants, which are evaluated in the paper.
2) The source and load characteristics scarcely affect the system behaviors and thus except in the relatively lower frequency range where the dynamics of rotating systems are dominant, the driving point admittances Yie* and Yoe* are equivalent, respectively, to the blocked admittances Y11 and Y22 evaluated at the input and the output terminals of the converter.View full abstractDownload PDF (1546K)
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