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Volume 11 (1975)
- Issue 6 Pages 625-
- Issue 5 Pages 501-
- Issue 4 Pages 377-
- Issue 3 Pages 251-
- Issue 2 Pages 125-
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Volume 11, Issue 6
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Nobuharu MIYATAKE, Yoichi KAYA1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 625-631
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study is to apply the control theory to the identification and forecasting problems in economic systems, and to test its validity. In this paper, a macroscopic economic system of Japan is considered.
The modeling procedure consists of three stages. In the first stage, the structure is determined so that economic policy can be taken into account in the model. The system behavior is described as a perturbed behavior along the nominal trajectory so as to obtain a linearized model. In the second stage, parameters are estimated from the actual observation data. And, in the last stage, the behavior of this system is forecasted by using the Kalman filter and predictor.
The results of the forecast show good agreement with the actual behavior of this system.View full abstractDownload PDF (855K) -
A Channel Junction Filter with Different Cross SectionsToshi TAKAMORI, Mikio ISHIBASHI, Masatada YONEMOCHI1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 632-638
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA pneumatic low-pass filter for fluidic systems has been designed. The filter is a combination of channels with different cross sections. This filter has the following remarkable advantages: (1) the design calculation is relatively simple, (2) though no attenuation pole can exist on the imaginary axis, a good characteristic of attenuation band is obtained by increasing the number of cascading unit elements, (3) a filter having the same performance is easily made also from a pipe connection, (4) a pneumatic high-pass filter can be realized by a suitable frequency transformation, etc..
In this study, the characteristic function (Q-function) is determined from given design specifications and the filter is realized on the basis of the reflection coefficient derived from the characteristic function. Using a digital computer, the loss effect due to a pneumatic cascading unit element is compensated for in some filters trially made, and their sizes are successfully reduced.View full abstractDownload PDF (810K) -
Yoji UMETANI, Kan TAGUCHI1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 639-643
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper, an approach to recognize a natural shape or a planar picture written with one stroke is treated.
It is proposed to use the shape vector to describe natural shapes excluding symbols such as alphabeticals or numericals. The shape vector is defined as a vector composed with the series of external angles of a shape considered as an equilateral polygon. The searching shape set is introduced as a category set to be recognized. And the shape distance is defined as a measure to judge the similarity of a pair of shapes. It corresponds to the minimum Euclidean distance between the points coordinate to the pair of shapes in an n-dimensional space.
In order to verify that the shape distance is equivalent to a human impression with respect to the similarity among the various shapes, an experiment on a digital computer has been carried out. In the experiment, shape vectors are prepared from seventy-nine arbitrarily hand-written pictures drawn with one stroke. Fifteen searching shapes are selected from the pictures, and a great deal of computation of shape distances is performed for every searching shape to the remaining reference pictures. Additional computation with another measurement, a kind of correlation coefficient, proposed by Dr. T. Iijima is also performed to compare it with the authors' result.
The experiment shows good agreement with the human impression.View full abstractDownload PDF (693K) -
Tsutomu MITA1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 644-649
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Luenberger's observer is frequently used for the estimator of linear time invariant control systems. However, it cannot be applied directly to the plants which have varying parameters.
For this problem, This paper provides an observer whose structure is not affected by the varying parameter of the plant.
The results of this paper give the existence condition and stability condition of such an observer and provide a direct design procedure. The extension of this idea to the design of an unknown input observer is also presented.View full abstractDownload PDF (763K) -
Toshio JINGUJI, Seiji KOBAYASHI1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 650-655
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMost methods used for designing model reference adaptive control systems are restricted to the case where all the parameters in the plant and control matrices are mutually independent. But, in many practical cases such an assumption is not necessarily valid. In this paper, new general design methods are presented via the method of Lyapunov which can be used in such cases as the same unknown parameters and adjustable parameters may appear in two or more elements of these matrices simultaneously. As these conditions are less restrictive compared with the other method, this design method is considered to have much applicability to a broad class of adaptive systems.
First, the relations among the parameters of the plant are classified into two cases and for the both cases the well known integral parameter adjustment rule is derived by applying the nonlinear equations previously suggested by Lüders and Narendra. After that, the “proportional plus integral” adjustment rule which is quite effective for the improvement of the transient response characteristics is also derived by choosing appropriate Lyapunov function.
Illustrative examples for these rules are given with their simulation results. In some cases, unrealizable adjustment rule may be derived. An example suggests how this situation can be overcome by constructing an approximate controller.View full abstractDownload PDF (737K) -
Takashi MATSUI, Hisaharu TAKAI, Satoru HAYASHI1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 656-662
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe annular jet proximity sensor used in a pneumatic control system sometimes exhibits instability when the distance between the nozzle and an object is in a certain range. The instability is undesirable for designing a stable pneumatic system. In this study, this instability phenomenon is investigated experimentally and theoretically. First, the authors make it clear experimentally that the instability of this sensor is caused by a negative resistance existing in the output characteristics, i.e., the relation between the output pressure and the output flow. Second, the authors point out that self-oscillations occur in a fluidic system composed of a volume, a connecting conduit and the annular jet nozzle with the negative resistance. They propose a mathematical model of these oscillations. This model is analyzed in detail and these results are compared with the experimental results. Their agreements are fairly well.View full abstractDownload PDF (929K) -
Theory and Application to a Vibration ProblemMasayoshi TOMIZUKA1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 663-668
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe discrete optimal finite preview control problem is formulated and its solution is presented. It is assumed in the present problem that the controller can make use of a preview information with respect to the command signal and/or a disturbance from the present time i up to Nla time units in the future beyond i. Nla is called the preview time and usually Nla<N, the duration of problem, over which the optimality is evaluated. The combination of the local future information from the preview and the grobal cost functional is a unique feature of the optimal finite preview control problem. The steady state solution is obtained, and it is applied to a class of vibration problems (the design of a vehicle suspension system). The evaluation of optimal cost functional values for different preview lengths and the simulation results indicate that the preview improves the performance of the system drastically.View full abstractDownload PDF (708K) -
Yoshie EBITSUKA, Hideo SAKAI1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 669-674
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents a method of numerical solution of the problem to identify unknown parameters described by the nonlinear ordinary differential equations with nonlinear boundary conditions. The problem is formulated as a two point boundary value problem with a generalized boundary condition with the constraint to minimize the observation errors. The method is composed of the wellknown three methods: (1) Quasilinearization technique. (2) Sequential solution of the linear two point boundary value problem. (3) Variational method for the optimization problem. Simple examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method with a sufficient identification accuracy.View full abstractDownload PDF (682K) -
Kamekichi SHIBA, Tadashi ICHINOSE, Jin-ichi KITAMURA1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 675-681
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith a usual hot wire anemometer, air velocity is determined by utilizing the relation between the electric current, the temperature of a single heated resistance thermometer wire and air velocity. And the effect of the temperature of air to be measured is considerably large. Therefore it is necessary to heat the resistance thermometer wire to a tolerably high temperature.
The double hot wire type anemometer, here reported, utilizes the relation between the electric current, the temperature rises of the double wires and air velocity in order to determine the air velocity. That is, instead of a single wire, double resistance thermometer wires are placed in air flow and the difference of the temperature rises between the two wires is utilized.
Experimental results show that the effect of the air temperature is extremely small, and it is known that the air velocity can be measured with small temperature rises.View full abstractDownload PDF (886K) -
Shigeru OHMATSU, Yutaka TOMITA, Takashi SOEDA1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 682-687
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper is concerned witn the fixed-point optimal smoothing problems for linear distributed parameter systems with a noisy observation at discrete points on the spatial domain or its boundary. The approach adopted here is that we use both the optimal filter and the orthogonal projection lemma to treat the smoothing problems. By solving the Wiener-Hopf equations for the filtering and the smoothing problems, we derive the fixed-point optimal smoothing mechanisms which are more suitable for the practical computations than those obtained before by the formal procedures. Finally, for the convenience of numerical conputations, we rewrite the results for the distributed parameter systems by using the Fourier expansion methods.View full abstractDownload PDF (709K) -
Takuya NISHIMURA, Shigeru URIKURA, Akira NAGATA1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 688-694
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper treats two subjects concerned with output control for linear, time-invariant discrete-time systems.
The first is to introduce the concept of abilities of output control, i.e. output controllability, output settability, output rechability and completely output controllability, corresponding to the concept of abilities of state control, and to show necessary and sufficient conditions for these abilities.
The second is to solve the minimum-time output setting problem, which corresponds to the minimum-time state control problem. The solvability for this problem is shown to be equivalent to the output settability for the systems.
The results in this paper can be easily applied to the state control problems as a special case.View full abstractDownload PDF (889K) -
Kiyoshi KATO1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 695-701
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method of counting the number of objects of an arbitrary shape and a size, in a visual field, is presented.
Euler number is a well known topological invariant and can easily be counted as the difference between the number of maximal points (convexities) and the number of minimal points (concavities) to some fixed direction. When the objects have no loop, i.e., each object is simply connected, the number of objects coincides with Euler number, while if there were objects having some loops, Euler number becomes the number of objects minus the number of loops. Thus the number of objects can be counted as the sum of Euler number and the numbr of loops.
Detecting loops is concerned with the problem of connectedness property, which is one of the macroscopic properties of geometrical patterns. In order to secure a grobal point of view, a register named connectedness register is introduced.
Extremal points are detected and counted by scanning witn two detector cells from the upper left corner of the visual field, as with a television raster, and with the aid of connectedness register, loops are also detected and counted. The number of objects is then calculated at the end of scanning of a single field, as the number of upper ends (upper convexities) minus the number of cups (upper concavities) plus the number of loops.
Simulations on a digital computer proved the varidity of this counting method. It has many applications such as dust counting, blood corpuscule counting, surface defection test, size distribution measurement, and so on.View full abstractDownload PDF (901K) -
1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 701
Published: 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (71K) -
Shinsaku KINUGASA1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 702-708
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe pressure sensing elements such as Bourdon tube, bellows and diaphragm are widely used as pressure or differential pressure transmitters. These elements are conventionally manufactured following the manufacturer's know-how. There is no unifying theory concerning design and manufacture of them.
On the other hand, the theory of plastic working is established, but the shapes of the pressure sensing elements are so complicated that the theory cannot be applied to designing of them.
Purpose of this research is to develop an analytical method for designing or manufacturing these elements. In this paper, analysis has been made only on Bourdon tube, bellows and a herical spring. Other elements such as diaphragm will be reported on another occasion. In this paper, the material is supposed to be 316 stainless steel, because it is most commonly used for these elements. The following supposition is important.
1) When the same material is worked into products of the same shape, stress and strain of the corresponding points of the products are equal, even if the Working processes are different.
2) Therefore, the complicated working process can be broken down to several simple processes. This makes the analysis of the pressure sensing element possible.
3) The tensile fracture of 316 st. stl. is a ductile-brittle fracture, which is determined by the strain value. The allowable strain of 1/2 hardened material is 6%.
The plastic working of Bourdon tube is a simple bending. So, the result of analysis is very simple and clear. For the analysis of working of bellows, the drawing-bending transmitting method is applied. The calculated value of maximum strain reached as much as 200%. These days most of stainless steel bellows are manufactured by the junction method. Many new facts were found in the analysis of the herical spring. Calculated data and the result of measuement of the free diameter when the spring is made of flat ribbon are shown. The both data coincide satisfactorily.View full abstractDownload PDF (963K) -
Michio SUGENO1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 709-714
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper gives, using the concept of conditional fuzzy measures, a formulation and a solution of fuzzy decision-making problems in which fuzziness is measured by fuzzy measures. In the problems, a fuzzy expectation is adopted instead of a probability expectation to evaluate the loss associated with a decision maker's action. The concept of a fuzzy strategy is also introduced in place of a Bayes' solution of the stochastic decision theory.
The idea of fuzzy decision-making problem is applied to the problem of what choice one would make when he looks at real-estate advertisements and wishes to buy a residence. The effectiveness of fuzzy measures and a fuzzy strategy are explored through an experimental study using subjects. It is concluded that the experimental results, discussed in comparison with those to be obtained in a stochastic decision-making problem, are satisfactory if we consider the fuzziness of the problem.View full abstractDownload PDF (822K) -
Akira SANO1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 715-722
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents the method of estimating the state of time-discrete distributed-parameter systems perturbed by constant but unknown inputs at a finite number of unknown points, as seen in atmospheric dispersion of stack effluents.
As the number of the state vectors and the inputs is increased, the amount of computation of the coupled estimation error covariance matrix becomes excessive. In order to avoid the large amount of computation, the estimation of the unknown inputs is decoupled in this method from the computation of the inputfree estimate of the state. By this decoupling the following identification of the unknown input sources is made easy. The source detection algorithm is also presented in the paper.
The source detection algorithm is based on averaging the trace norm of the innovation terms of measurement data, and on recursively correcting the estimate of the sources by the gradient method to the direction of reducing the averaged trace norm. In the numerical examples, the method is applied to a diffusion process with unknown sources, and the results are analytically examined.View full abstractDownload PDF (967K) -
Kinji MORI1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 723-728
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a large system, there are many controllers, each having different imperfect information on the state of the system. The interplay of information and control is very interesting. Here the design of information pattern is considered on the ground of analysis.
There are two factors in designing the information pattern. By the space factor, the information network displaying the transmission among controllers is determined. The memory and the information delay fall under the category of the time factor.
Here is considered how to design the information pattern by connection the transmission or communication lines among contollers. The information patterns generated by information transmission form a non-modular lattice, while ones generated by communication form a modular lattice. The relation between the information pattern and the number of transmission lines is discussed.
The necessary and sufficient conditions for complete communication are derived for each design using transmission lines and communication lines. The lattice of the information patterns is homomorphic to the totally ordered sets of the payoff and the information cost for each information pattern.
When an information delay exists, not every controller could obtain the same information even under a complete communication. The information patterns constituted by transmission and communication with information delay form a modular lattice. The minimum time problem to transmit the information from one player to the other is solved. Moreover the relation between the number of transmission lines and the transmission time for the complete communication is discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (919K) -
Susumu TACHI1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 729-734
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method is proposed for estimating the system function of a time-invariant linear system without simultaneous recording of input and output waveforms, i.e., without using a cross-spectrum. Observed input and output of the system studied are contaminated with Gaussian noise, and the input and output noises are correlated. The input to the system is supposed to be composed of a periodic signal and Gussian noise.
The auto-bispectrum of the observed input waveform and the auto-bispectrum of the observed output waveform are used to identify the phase characteristics of the system. In the identification the term corresponding to the system's transportation lag is elimianted and only the term expressing the phase dispersion among the frequency components is identified. The amplitude term can be estimated, but this term is interfered by the noise.
The merit of this method is that data can be obtained quickly under the optimum measuring conditions since no simultaneous measurement at two points and neither trigger nor synchronization of any type to process the signal are necessary.
This method may be useful, for example, for clinical studies, such as the diagnosis of arteriosclerosis, for which a catheter is too dangerous to use and instead a pressure sensitive transducer should be used externally at the sacrifice of accuracy, and the measurement should be done easily and quickly to diminish the pain of the patient.
The bispectra of arterial pressure waves at two points along an artery were calculated to determine the phase characteristics of the arterial-blood-pressure transfer function. A preliminary experiment showd that the phase characteristics of the artery of the left arm resembled those of the right arm.
The phase characteristics of the arteries of arms are distinctly different from those of the aortas.View full abstractDownload PDF (703K) -
Yasuo KIMOTO, Katsunori TAMIYA, Kunio MAEKAWA, Hisao MATSUI, Yukio HIO ...1975 Volume 11 Issue 6 Pages 735-740
Published: December 30, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSElectrical discharge machining is a precise working method for hard metals. The work is shaped into a desired configuration by arc erosion conforming to the configuration of the tool-electrode.
The transient arc discharge occurs in a very short discharge gap between the tool-electrode and the work immersed in a liquid insulator (working fluid).
In order to keep stable the repeating transient arcs, the tool-electrode has to be fed keeping a constant discharge gap. But the discharge gap cannot be measured directly while the discharge circuit is alive. And so the discharge voltage is measured and feeding the toolelectrode is controlled by an average value of the measured discharge voltage that the discharge gap may gets a constant length. In the optimal state of working, the measured gap voltage is believed to be optimal duty factor of the discharge pulses.
An abnormal arc occurs frequently due to debris staying between the tool-electrode and the work under a certain duty factor i.e. a constant working power. Accordingly, as working area or depth is increased for a certain working power, the damage of the work due to abnormal arcs increases.
In this research, the authors study a technique to detect the pre-abnormal arc by processing the voltage between the tool-electrode and the work, and propose an optimal controller, which has an optimizing algorithm, for the working power i.e. the duty factor of discharge pulses.View full abstractDownload PDF (1827K)
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