Spirochetemia of syphilitic patients was demonstrated by Uhlenhuth and Mulzer (1913) . Since transfusion syphilis was first reported by Fordyce (1915) and importance of its prevention repeatedly emphasized by Levy and Ginsburg (1927), Feldman (1928), McCluskie (1939), and others, a number of experimental and clinical studies have been made.
Kastet al. (1939), Eichenlaubet al. (1941), Chin (1950), and Schmidt (1953) recommended the use of arsenic preparations for its prevention, while Nakao (1954) proposed such antibiotics as penicillin.
Employing the pathogenic agents of syphilis, relapsing fever, sleeping sickness, and rat-bite fever, the authors studied the prophylactic effect of two kinds of arsenic preparations and five of antibiotics against infections. The followings are the results obtained therefrom.

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There have been evidences which suggest thatClostridium perfringensmay grow well but produce little alpha toxin in the simplified media (Tamuraet al., 1941; Adamset al., 1947) . Macfarlane and Knight (1941) and later Rogers and Knight (1946) demonstrated that the addition of the muscle factor enhanced the production of alpha toxin. Various kinds of enzymatic digests of protein have been used as a source of“toxin toxin factor” (Adamset al., 1945; Loganet al., 1945; van Heyningen, 1948) . Adams, Hendee and Pappenheimer (1947) showed that at least two factors present in the enzymatic digests of certain proteins and extracts of pancreas were necessary for the maximum production of alpha toxin in addition to the use of starch or dextrin as a carbohydrate source. Recently, however, Roberts (1957) suggested the possibility of producing alpha toxin in a chemically defined medium by controlling various cultural conditions. Variable factors such as concentration of phosphate or iron, vitamin and carbohydrate have been also proved to affect the growth or toxin production of this organisms (Tamuraet al., 1941; Pappenheimer and Shaskan, 1944; Boydet al., 1948; Murataet at., 1956) . Therefore, the authors attempted to reinvestigate the possibility of producing a potent alpha toxin in the simplified media under various cultural conditions. In the course of this study, it has been found that the simplified media were not suitable for toxin production and some unidentified factors were necessary to yield a potent toxin.

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In the preceding paper, it was shown that the semisynthetic medium might support growth ofCl. perfringens, while a potent toxin was not produced in it even when various cultural conditions were controlled (Murataet al., 1958) . Various reports agreed in that some factors in the enzymatic digests of protein were necessary to obtain a potent toxin (Adamset al., 1947; Macfarlane and Knight, 1941; Murataet al., 1956, 1957) . Rogers and Knight (1946) demonstrated that the toxin-promoting effect of autolysed muscle was in part due to glucosamine. Adamset al. (1947) presented evidences indicating that glycerylphosphorylcholine or lecithin enhanced the toxin production to some extent. However, the addition of glucosamine or lecithin to the semisynthetic medium failed to promote the toxin production in the authors' laboratory. The reason of this discrepancy might be due to the difference of the basal medium. Therefore, it was tried to follow the toxin-promoting factors in the digests by using the semisynthetic medium as the basal medium. In the course of the study to isolatek“toxin-promoting factors”from the digests of protein, it was found that such factors were distributed over various fractions obtained by several purification procedures. Among these fractions one prepared by the methanol precipitation of the dialysate of digests was shown to be most active and the addition of this fraction to the simple medium made it possible to produce a potent toxin comparable to that obtained in the peptone medium. It was also suggested that some peptides might partly be responsible for the activity of this fraction.

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In the summer of 1955, about two hundred thousand inhabitants in the vicinity of Nagoya City were affected with an accidental dermatitis caused by contact with the yellowish moths, which were attracted by light and invaded into house rooms. These moths were identified as the Far Eastern urticating moth, Euproctis flava Bremer, which is very common from southern Hokkaido to Kyushu, and is known for some fifty years as a medical pest mainly in Tohoku and Hokuriku District. This rash has been ascribed to the minute barbed spicules attached mainly on the anal tuft of the female moth. Observations have affirmed that these urticating spicules are carried by the adult moth from the cocoon into which the caterpillar deposited them. The spicules are, therefore, originally a product of the larval insects. Clinical studies have shown the possibility that the dermatitis is caused by a poisonous substance originated from the urticating spicules. Therefore it is most interesting to know the fine structure of the subcutaneous tissue of the larva and the detailed process of the development of the urticating spicules.
Histological investigations were made in the past by a number of authors, such as Tyzzer (1907), Eltringham (1913), Kephart (1914), Gilmer (1925), and Pawlowsky and Stein (1927) . Kephart (1914) was the first to show two kinds of specialized hypodermal cells, viz., the poison-secreting cells and the hair formative cells, in the subdorsal tubercles of a larva of the brown tail moth. Gilmer (1925), on the contrary, had the opinion that poisonous substance was secreted through small chitinous intracellular ducts of one poinson gland cell just beneath each papilla, in spite of the fact that both authors used the same material and the same slide specimens. Pawlowsky and Stein (1927) illustrated the strongly pigmented hypodermal cells, the large gland cells and small trichogen cells from the thickened hypodermal tissue of the brown tail moth. It was in 1933 that the developmental process was first described in detail by Tonkes, who observed three kinds of cells ; the small papilla formative cells, the large gland cells and the small trichogen cells. Tonkes' conclusion is entirely different from Gilmer's, which is quoted in several text books. Weidner (1937) compared the tissue of the larvae of the urticating moth of the genus Euproctis with that of the procession caterpillar, Tliaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff, and hypothesized that the large gland cell of the brown tail moth might be a membrane cell. Recently Morishita (1957) stated that the large cells of the uppermost layer secrete the urticating spicules. Various interpretations have thus been presented, but it appears still worthy to add an another investigation of the fine structure of the larval epidermis and a histological observation concerning the development of the spicule formative epidermis.

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In the previous paper, one of the authors and a coworker (Komiya et al., 1958) reported results of an experimental study with Oncomelania snails on the resistance to dryness. Regarding this problem, the authors became aware of the existence of local difference in the resistance of snails to desiccation. The following is results of experiments concerning this problem.

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In a previous paper (Fukumi et al., 1957), a cytopathogenic agent was reported to be isolated from an upper respiratory illness resembling an adenovirus infection. This virus was found to be different from each of the viruses such as polioviruses, Coxsackie viruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex virus etc., but the cytopathic changes induced by it were like those due to the enteroviruses. The comparison of this virus with the ECHO viruses was not conducted at that time because neither the ECHO sera nor the ECHO viruses were not available to us. However thereafter when some of the ECHO viruses which were adapted to HeLa cells were given to us from Dr. M. Kitaoka, Department of Virology & Rickettsiology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, experiments were carried out to determine whether or not the virus belonged to the group of the ECHO viruses. Further, serological examinations were made on various groups of people in order to know as to how widely the antibodies against the virus are distributed in them.

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Since Jawetz, Nicholas, Thygeson and Hanna (1955) isolated adenovirus type 8 as a causative agent from a case of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, considerable attention has been paid to the etiology of this disease entity (Jawetz, Kimura, Hanna, Coleman, Thygeson and Nicholas, 1955; Jawetz, Thygeson, Hanna, Nicholas and Kimura, 1956; Mitsui and Jawetz, 1957; Leopold, 1957; Sommerville, 1957; 1958), including human volunteer experiments (Mitsui, Hanabusa, Minaoda and Ogata, 1957; Jawetz, Thygeson, Hanna, Nicholas and Kimura, 1957) .
In September, 1957, an epidemic keratoconjunctivitis was encountered in Ogaki City, Gifu Prefecture and its vicinity, and about 100 school children were presumed to be involved in it, whereas many patients were of course found among other age groups. Adenovirus type 8 was isolated from some patients examined and in addition to this, some of the patients were found to show antibody rise against this virus at their convalescent sera. The present publication is devoted to describe the epidemic epidemiologically and etiologically.

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As one of the most convenient tools for the study of host-virus relationship, vaccinia virus has widely been used. As for the host earlier works have been concentrated on the rabbit skin, chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated hen's eggs or tissue culture of Maitland type. The first experiment by the use of roller tube tissue culture (Feller et al., 1940) showed that vaccinia virus could grow and continued to exist in high titer in the medium of the plasma clot tissue culture of chick embryo. The discovery of vaccinia hemagglutinin (HA) by Nagler (1942) has thrown a new problem on the growth of vaccinia virus, accompanying the production of hitherto unknown specific soluble substance, although it was found lately that some neuro-vaccinia and rabbit-pox strains and a strain of neuro-vaccinia passed through Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were devoid of HA production (Fenner, 1958; Cassel, 1957) . Recent works on the growth of vaccinia virus on the chorioallantoic membrane of fertile hen's eggs revealed that the initial rise in titer of inf ective virus was noticed from 8 to 10 hours after infection, being followed by a logarithmic increase thereafter. The first appearance of the measurable HA was observed after the lapse of nearly the same period (Oya, 1955; Metcalf, 1955; Maitland, 1956) . Recent advances in tissue culture techniques rendered monolayered cells available in the study of virus. As continuous cell lines, human carcinom HeLa and mouse fibroblast L have widely been used for cytological purposes and virus researches. Scherer and Syverton (1954) and Tyrell (1955) reported that HeLa cells could support the growth of vaccinia virus followed by the development of cytopathic effect. The formation of the inclusion bodies in HeLa cells infected with vaccinia virus was reported by Scherer and Syverton (1954) . As compared with HeLa cells L cells do not appear to be suitable for the growth of dermo-vaccinia virus (Scherer, 1952) .
The present work was carried out to get a more detailed aspect of the growth of dermo-vaccinia virus in HeLa cells, with special reference to the mode of production of hemagglutinin and complement fixing antigen, and their release from cells into medium. The mode of growth of the same virus in L cells will be described elsewhere.

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