We done observation in Lake Biwa, to detect bottom density currents in winter, at embouchure of Ane River which is caracterized by a heavy snow catchment's area. We use 6 mooring systems with thermistor loggers, electromagnetic current meters and dissolved oxygen sensors.
We found heterogeneitic water mass at bottom in front of the embouchure, which last 3~4 days. This water mass was higher oxygen, higher conductivity and lower temperature than surrounding water mass. This caracter is not accord with lake water and ground water, so this water mass seems originated snow melting water from Ane River.

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A Study on the Development of the Viability of Community and Region in Mountain Area

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regional development with the restructuring of social capital in rural korea
a case study of cheese village in imsil-gun,korea

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Human impact in alluvial-fan segments scouring as direct effect does not only produce but also indirectly induces accumulation due to sediment supply as a result of upstream degradation to the upper sediments.
The processes can be interpreted in the scheme of dynamic equilibrium.

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Introduction <BR>
The monsoon seasonal transition from southwesterlies to easterlies greatly affects the Indian Peninsula, it leads heavy rainfall, flood, and also drought. To reveal the relationship between heavy rainfall and atmospheric circulation condition, it is crucial to understand the monsoon seasonal transition and the seasonal march of monsoon rainfall. The main objective of this study is to document the relationship between heavy rainfall and atmospheric circulation condition before and after the monsoon onset and withdrawal in Bangladesh. The monsoon onset date is crucial for a tropical monsoon country such as Bangladesh. Hence, accurate prediction of the dates of monsoon onset and withdrawal would assist farming enterprises in Bangladesh. <BR>
Data <BR>
This study used climatological pentad mean data of horizontal wind at 850 hPa, precipitable water, and total column water vapor flux over a 25-year period from 1979 to 2003. These data were provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (http//jra.kishou.go.jp/). Daily rainfall data at 35 stations in Bangladesh were provided by the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD). <BR>
Results and discussion <BR>
In Pentad15-18, perhaps the first prominent feature when all atmospheric variables are sharply increasing; this clearly indicates the start of the pre-monsoon rainfall. Notable changes occur in P24-27, when the horizontal wind at 850 hPa levels and the water vapor flux greatly increased over the Bay of Bengal, and direction of the wind and the water vapor flux is found toward Bangladesh. <BR>
Remarkable changes occur before and after the monsoon onset between periods P28-31 and P32-35. It is notable that, at this time southerly wind is very strong in the interior of Bangladesh. This is symbolizing that the summer monsoon onset over Bangladesh. At this time, the amount of the precipitable water also greatly increases and the rainfall distribution maps illustrate the abrupt increase in rainfall over Bangladesh. It has been observed that all atmospheric variables greatly increase in P32-35. It is clear that summer monsoon onset differs from the early raining event discussed by Matsumoto (1997), which is primarily caused by the strengthening of sub-tropical westerly. <BR>
Significant changes also occur before and after the monsoon withdrawal between P53-56 and P57-60. In P53-56, strong moisture and southwesterly wind is continuously flowing over the Bay of Bengal and their direction is toward interior of Bangladesh. In P57-60, the moisture and southwesterly wind flow has disappeared over the Bay of Bengal after the withdrawal. <BR>
Ahmed and Karmakar (1993) did not systematically mentioned wind conditions over Bangladesh. They have only showed wind vector at Cox’s Bazar in June and October in 1958. Therefore, this study has concluded that the main cause of heavy rainfall during monsoon in Bangladesh is the atmospheric circulation conditions which are found very strong for the development of orographic rainfall process compared with those in post-monsoon period. During post-monsoon period rainfall gradually decrease, this is caused by both the effect of decreasing wind speed and amount of precipitable water.

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A lot of things analyzed the child's number of people per 1 household every municipal districts as a study distributed of a household with a lot of children in metropolitan area by this research and inspected the regional difference in the number of people of the child, and made the child's number of people per 1 household clear at the area where I have no traffic arteries and the area where I have no traffic arteries where the directness is made downtown at an area and the plains in the mountainous region away from the inner city.

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Japanese horse chestnut tree called as tochinoki, (Aesculus turbinate Blume) is potentially distributed in the cool-temperate deciduous forests in Japan. Its nuts called as tochinomi had been used as staple food and food for famine in Japan. According to previous studies, the use of tochinomi nuts and the trees themselves has declined in remote mountainous area with rapid economic development. The aim of this study is to clarify how change the use of tochinomi nuts by local people involved with socio-economic dynamism during several decades in Kutsuki region.

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At first, the municipalities in Tama area administered water service by themselves, but the bureau of waterworks Tokyo Metropolitan government merged them due to their lack of water and finances. 25 municipalities in 29 municipalities in Tama area were merged. In its process. The bureau of waterworks Tokyo Metropolitan government merged them gradually, because of the resistance of the union.The bureau of waterworks Tokyo Metropolitan government became to recognize such an imperfect merger as inefficiency in the middle of 1990s, because the profit of water service shrank, so the bureau of waterworks Tokyo Metropolitan government decided to merge completely.

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The Mutual Agreement Process among Local Residents and its Propriety  in terms of the Multi-functional River Improvement,-A case study of Park,Suginami Ward,Tokyo Metropolis

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This study focuses on the substitute bus service during suspension of railwayservice.  The travel behavior of passengers and passengers flow are clarified.   

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Recently, the descent of commerce in the city center of regional cities was recognized as a problem everywhere. The three acts on city planning enacted in 2000 didn’t work due to a contradiction of itself. However, while facing a contradiction, the commercial activation business of the city center has been continued in many regional cities.Therefore, this study aims to view the commercial activation business of the city center in regional cities, focusing on the trend of commerce and the business of commercial activation under the three acts on city planning.

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Studies on the location and power generation of wind farms

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The purpose of this research is to clarify how and why people farm horses in Yonaguni island. 
Yonaguni island is a horse island in Okinawa, Japan.In Japan, we rarely see the relationships between horses and human in everyday life.But in Yonaguni island, we can see horses being staked at the side of the road or a vacant lot in a villeges in the island.And 148 horses are out at feed in the big 3 pasture areas.But horses in this island don't work for agriculture and transfer, and are not sold for meet.

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The landscape of manbo is now important to be evaluated for local community and activities related with culture importance of water, histroical landscape and local wisdom in the northern part of Mie Pref. Manbo has been changed its characteristics after construction of national Irrigation system of Mie water for irrigation and it has still now its amenity in the local comjunity, specific place for environmental study and local communication. We should examine the sifnigication of Manbo.

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What or who was the real maker of a region? This paper focuses on solving the problem. The different actors should have worked on the making process of various regions. However in this study, it is supposed that the special human agency played the influential role on the changing process of a locality. The hypothesis is based on the structuration theory and tested by the exploration of the influential person’s career. Shoshichi Owada, the local businessman in Tsuruga port. We can understand the relationship between structure and special human agency in the modernization process of the port.

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The variations and its cause for the estimated equation of the black bulb temperature was verified. The measurement for air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and black bulb temperature at three parks in Tsukuba City. The detailed heat balance equation about the black bulb was used to clarify the cause that the solar radiation reaches the peak to the error between the estimated values and the measured values of the black bulb.

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Vancouver metropolitan government, Metro Vancouver is well known by the sustainable and livable region strategic plans since 1960’s. The purpose of this study is to clear the characters of New regional strategic plan, “Metro Vancouver 2040” and the recent urban developments by transit-oriented development in the suburb of metropolitan area after 2009 Winter Olympic in Vancouver.

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To clarify how rainfall characteristics will change with climate change, longer-term changes in rainfall characteristics in the Philippines since the 20^th century was studied by combining the historical observation record and current station data. As a result, number of summer and winter rainy days significantly tended to decrease in the entire Philippines and the northwestern part, respectively. Summer rainfall amounts tended to decrease with a 10-year cycle, especially in the northwest part of the Philippines. On the other hand, in winter, heavy rainfalls tended to increase with a 10-year cycle especially in east coastal region since the late 1990s.

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As a result of the massive earthquake and an extraordinary giant tsunami in March 11, 2011 gave serious damage to the Fukushima No.1 Nuclear Power Plant.  Most of Nuclear Power Plants have stopped operation after the accident, and electric power supplies became insufficient. This paper aims at clarifying the mitigation effect of urban heat islands ( temperature decrease ) in Central Tokyo due to the savings of electric energy consumption. The results show 0.6 degrees temperature decrease in July, 2011 as compared with that in 2010. 

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The purpose of this study is to consider on the viability of community and region in mountain area of Japan.  Field area is Oisawa in Nishikawa-machi,  Yamagata Prefecture. 

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Representative sites were selected in forests of Quercus and Fagus to examine characteristics of transition zones of vegetation and soil in the western slope of Mt. Chokai, Yamagata prefecture, northern Japan, with concern on the growth of Fagus. Fagus trees in transition zone (710-780m asl.) was characterized by their large timber volume and relatively large growth rate in spite of the low soil pH and the high level of exchangeable Al content in soil, which could restrict nutrient uptake and growth of trees.

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Visual resource such as landscape is one of most important thing in the current tourism industry.In the reserch fields related to the tourism management, several types of spatial evaliation method have been developed. The objective of this study is to develop the spatial evaluation method based on non-expert perceptions using digital tools including GIS.Visual interest points, which is the locations that visitors took photographs in thier positive feelings, were extracted, and likability score was weighted to each points. We used global and local spatial autocorrelation for analysis. As a result, some significant spatial clusters that was evaluated highly could be found.

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In Tsukuba Science City, many research institutions, mainly national research institutions, are located.Almost all private institutions were located for the proximity to the national research institutions in the 1980s. However, the number of the private institutions has started to decrease late in the 1990s, and withdrawal of the research institutions continues even now. Because of this, it can be said that the merit located in Tsukuba is low for a private institutions. On the other hand, in recent years, the system of new industry-academia-government collaboration has started to be built since privatization.

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The area around the border between Niigata and Nagano prefectures is one of the heaviest snow regions. In this area, some mountains have coniferous forests, and some mountains have pseudo-alpine zone. Therefore, it is thought that there is boundary condition to divide the presence or absence of subalpine coniferous forest in this area. Thus, we clarified the relations between the distribution of the Abies Mariesii forest and the environmental conditions such as climate, topography, soil, and geohistory of the region. As a result, the following conditions which controlling alpine forest distribution become clear: 1.thick soil layer formed by long period ground surface stable; 2. gentle slope where the mechanical destruction by snow is low; 3. the location with low wind beaten level; 4. the location on the convex surface of short snow-covered period.

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We try to analyze borehole sediments, drilling in Irrawaddy delta.
In this study, we introduce investigation of boring at Pathein on March 2011.

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Short-term dissolution rate of limestone in a doline on Akiyoshidai Plateau was estimated from 3-year field weathering experiment and hydrological observation. Limestone tablets were buried in soil at 4 sites for depth of 50 cm or 15 cm. The result indicated that the duration of saturated soil moisture condition controls dissolution rate of limestone tablet. The estimated annual dissolution rate at the zone of high soil moisture content above soil-bedrock boundary was 356 g/m^2•yr, which is slightly larger than maximum long-term denudation rate (63 – 256 g/m²•yr) inferred from cosmogenic radionuclide analysis. 

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After 1990’s, in India, the forest policy shift its weight from the matter of state government to “community” based governance. But, the “community” in and out the village is various structures, and also set under the regional context. We examine the possibility of forest management in and as regional governance, in Mysore district, Karnataka, India. In deforested area, so most of the immigrant group was constructed with a single-object, that each village ware out of touch with others.

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Geotourism is conserving earth-scientific and geographical resources while utilizing for research or educational purposes and finally integrating these resources into sustainable regional development. This framework coincides with that of a geopark. A geopark is an aggregate of geosites with scientific and aesthetic values such as unique landscapes, landforms, geological outcrops, and historical and geographical places. A geosite is also called a geoheritage or an earth heritage. “Earth heritage” is employed as the most suitable word for a valuable site in a geopark. The Japanese Association of Geographers intends to select remarkable 100 selections of earth heritages for constitute new geoparks.

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Giant trees of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) exist in Kutsuki area, northwestern Shiga Pref. We conducted the reserch about vegetation structure and environmental characteristics of giant trees. Giant trees of Japanese horse chestnut only distributed at headwaters area, and it was related for forest use of local people.

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The estimation of green coverage ratio using airborne remotely sensed data
-A case study of Suginami ward-

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We show the tendency that exotic fish inhabits the reservoir of what kind of condition from a location characteristic or does not do to protect the ecosystem of the reservoir where the influence on convention fish due to the exotic fish becomes the serious problem, and the occupation of the outskirts road with the parking vehicle, a manager including the dispersion of garbage brought in and the damage to the outskirts are brought into question other than influence on ecosystem in the reservoir, and exotic fish does not inhabit there.

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Numerical Potential analysis for population density distribution in Continental Southeast Asia is carried out. In this work, "population density potential" is newly used to investigate virtual force to determine the structure of population density distribution and its stream. The population density potential is calculated by ICCG scheme. As a result, population density potential has a large scale simple gradient structure whose direction is from southeast to northwest in Indochina peninsula. This result and more local scale result suggest that the analysis is effective to help studies about population density and population density movement.

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The authors studied on the riverine disaster in the piedmont slope of Mt. Merapi, west of Jogjakarta City, Indonesia. Severe debris flow and riverbank erosion occurred along the Putih River, on the western part of the Mt. Merapi piedmont slope in relation to the unstable volcanic sediments and strong storms. Thick volcanic debris filled the valey floor and the sediments filled the debris control dam. It is necessary to dredge up sediments from the valey floor and dams to prevent the flash flood, debris flow and river bank erosion of the rivers flowing the Mt. Merapi piedmont slopes.

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This study shows the link between the community perception and evaucaiton actions for the typhoon disasters in Shiso city in Hyogo prefecture through questionnaire survey of the local communities.  This is done through deveopment of "bosai map" [disaster preparedness map] with participation of locla communities by undertaking disatser drills in both day time and night time.  The study provides useful suggestions for future perspectives of community based disaster preparedness in rural communities in Japan.  

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The objective of this study is to grasp the fundamental meanings of “What is a community?” and “How is a good community-driven?” through forest management. The analysis focuses on forest management of two types of villages in the hill areas and the mountain areas of Nepal. There are different local management systems based on diferent communities.

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This presentation discusses possibilities to study Occupied Kyoto Using "Large-scale Maps of Kyoto City". The Maps produced between 1927 and 1952, we digitalize these maps in order to reconstruct the urban landscape of Kyoto between the 1920s and the 1950s. And, the Maps contain various kinds of building-related information. In order to explain the meanings of such information, we take advantage of information from a study of Occupied Kyoto.

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This research tried to elucidate why and how the shopping district of the Owaricho was declining since the middle of the Showa era by directing attention to the long-term changes in the number of the stores, especially long-established ones,  in Owaricho. In order to show the changes this study mainly made use of the land register, "Tochidaicho",  of the Owaricho , and the way used in this work could be applied in other regions in Japan because most of the areas in Japan possess "Tochidaicho". This method can lay a foundation of the long-term resesarch on a shopping district.

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Students' use of Wikipedia articles is now an inevitable part of geography education in university.  While quality of those articles from Wikipedia, especially those of Japanese version, is often seriously questioned, students tend to rely on them rather carelessly in their writings.  By organizing collective efforts of professional geographers, AJG might contribute to improve both quality and quantity of geography related articles in Wikipedia, and there would be better chance of using Wikipedia articles as convenient teaching materials.

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We have been developed local meteorological model based on LES model. Several model verification tests are performed. From these results it can be concluded that at present, our  model is correctly developed, at least with regarding the dynamics, physics, boundary conditions.

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This paper attempts to show why young Japanese choose to work in Bangladesh. So far the author has studied the young Japanese women working in Singapore, San Francisco, and Ho Chi Minh City. Here in this paper, the case study of young Japanese working in Bangladesh is examined in relation with those working in the above mentioned cities. The field survey was conducted in February 2011. Fron the surveu, we foud that young Japanese working in Bangladesh has the following features: highly educated, unmarried and male, engaging in NGO activities and cosial enterprises.

 

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The relationship between the change to urban surface and the rising rate of surface air temperature, and effects of geographical conditions on the relationship are studied for cities in Japan. The relationships for daily mean temperature and daily minimum temperature represent statistic significance and positive correlation. As the change to urban surface occurs more near the observation, the rising rate of temperature is more increase. The trend is significantly seen in the inland cities which are more than 20 km inland from the coastlines, not in the basin and coastal cities.

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In this article, the typification of snatch-and-run offence is attempted from the standpoint of the victims, offence and place.  The offence was divided into the two types: A) The way of escape of offenders is motorcycle or automobile. Victim is young woman. In the area where the offence happens, mainly young people live, many single households are held and broad roads exist. B) The way to escape is bicycle or on foot . The victim is old woman. Lots of old people , less single households and intricate streets exist there.

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An aquatic plant is classified into an emergent plant, a floating-leaved plant, and a submerged plant according to a life form. The submerged plant occupied most aquatic plants in the plain lakes.However, it declines nationally from the middle of the 1950s, and has disappeared in many lakes now.  This research aimed to the reconstruction of the distribution area before a decline of the submerged plant which becomes important in natural restoration of a lake, using the U.S. aerial photograph taken in 1947.

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In the alpine zone of Japanese island, Pinus pumila scrub, dwarf shrub heath, herbaceous plant vegetation, and alpine stony desert vegetation distribute on a slope. The purpose of this study is to clarify relation between the distribution of alpine plant comminuties and development of periglacial smooth slopes. This study was carried out on the southwest facing slope of Damashidaira, Southern Japanese Alps. In the result, I show that distribution of alpine plant comminuties are depended on development of periclacial smooth slopes since late glacial stage.

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For considering the relation of the land use change and the disaster after the modernization of Fukuoka, we examined the point where land use change has influence to a river. The study area is Muromi River, Fukuoka. Four land use Maps were created from Meiji to the present. And we apply runoff coefficients to it. As a result, first, from Meiji to the present, the river flow rate is increasing in the river downstream region. Second, from Meiji to the early stages of Showa, the value of a rate of change in the upper reaches of river is big.

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