Over the past two decades, the vertical urban space has brought some crucial changes in the utilization of spaces in the center of Tokyo. One of such changes reflects the increase of high-rise buildings mainly composed of office spaces. We can commonly observe that there have been some distinct spatial utilization patterns at different floors and that the land-ownership structure has profoundly changed the urban morphology under this revitalization process. This paper examines the potential of land-ownership due to urban changes by exploring both spatial utilization and property transfer in the center of Tokyo.

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   Sendai coastal Lowland, facing the Pacific Ocean, is 50 km long from south to north and 10-20 km wide west to east. Several range of beach ridges are recognized along the coastline and many natural levees are recognized along the rivers. In this study, the author focused the southern part of lowland, reconstructed the formative age of beach ridge ranges and a natural levee, depending on the geomorphic survey and measuring of radio carbon ages.
   The formative period of beach ridge range (BR) I, I', II, and III were clarified as follows. BR-I was formed 5000 yrBP, BR-I' was formed around 3100 yrBP, BR-II was formed 2400 yrBP, and BR-III was formed from 1000 yrBP to the present.

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 This study analyzes the distribution of the dropout students to consider the potential for improvement of low level school. The dropout rate was calculated by asking the distance to the distance range Takayanagi Shonan High School student residence. the difference between the average distance of the dropout students and average distance of the graduates students was,determined to be significant by t test. The region of less than 2km distance to the residence was lowest dropout rate. Such schools may want to go to school many students from the region, it was shown that one important strategy for improving schools. 

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I declare that mountain mountain wind of asakawa area in Nagano City and Effects of it in Urban Area.

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We analyzed the temperature distribution of Tokyo Metropolis on summer using high-density temperature observation system (E-METROS). When a typical sea-breeze front was found in Tokyo Ward's area, high temperature area was detected around Kawagoe city. A penetration speed of the sea-breeze front was slower leeward of central Tokyo. As a result, the downdflow region in front of the sea-breeze front had been located in Kawagoe city for a lengthy period, temperatures tended to be higher.

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The purpose of this study is to clear the characters and subjects of urban developments in the dry lands of USA. Some metropolitan area, Las Vegas and Phoenix have succeed in economic growth. But many small towns had declined by the dry up of the mining resources and so on, and had been ghost towns. Many ghost towns are left the remains, but some ghost towns are revival to the tourist resorts or the artists’ villages.    

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The purpose of this study is to restore the discontinued railway site of the former Tono Railway (1912-1926) running through Kani City (former Hiromi village), Gifu Prefecture. The digitization of cadastral maps and the analysis of cadasters were applied to this study.
It became clear from this study that cadasters and surveyed cadastral maps were useful historical data to exactly restore discontinued railway sites.

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Abstract in Japanese.

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On the land surface, physical landscape such as geological and topological features, and cultural landscape including human activities, lifestyle, and artificial constructions are integrated into the geo-heritage. Therefore, the geo-heritage shows histories both the earth and human activities. For example, Musashino, developed in the western part of Tokyo metropolitan area, is characterized with physical features of diluvial upland and good drainage soil. Such physical features restrained the development of farming and settlement. After the construction of Tamagawa waterworks in the Edo era, shinden settlements were developed in Musashino, so that land division and landscap were characterized with long and narrow lots.

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This study examines the economic reasons for the continuation of shifting cultivation practices in Ajimikochi Village,Fukui Prefecture. In the study area,red turnips have been produced in the burn fields for selling at the morning market in Ono City. Red turnip is an important crops,because the cash obtained from the sales of red turnips can be used to buy basic necessities. Since the 1960`s,due to the depopulation,the increase in nonagricultural income,and the afforestation,the shifting cultivation practices have been declined. This study suggests,if we are to substantially continue the shifting cultivation,the commercial value of the cash crop needs to be enhanced.

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  In the post-reform era, the rapid pace of urban growth in Chinese cities has attracted much academic attention. Along with the decentralization from central to local governments, local governments become the city promoters. Development projects, especially development zones and new cities are built by local governments since 1990s. In order to investigate the special type of city making, namely, local government-oriented city making, Ordos city, a mining city in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, is taken as the study case. As an important   mining city, Ordos has leveraged its advantage in coal resources and experienced fast economic development. To develop new industries, Ordos government decided to built a new city. Through the fieldwork conducted in 2011, it is found that the role of the local government in the production and development of the new city is direct and forceful. With the establishment of new city, the local government of Ordos created a new urban space for economic development and population growth.

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Present situation of mass mortality of Oak trees by an ambrosia beetle was investigated in the Kaisho Forest, Aichi Prefecture, central Japan. In a permanent plot (20m x 20m) on a steep slope of about 30 degrees, 72% of Quercus serrata died by 2011 and 46% of total biomass in the plot changed to necromass. Mortality rates on gentle slopes were relatively low, which suggests that the soil water condition related to micro-topography affects the mortality rate. The infested rate by the ambrosia beetle decreased with decease in tree size.

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   The purpose of this study is to make clear the actual situation on the progress of retirement’s settling down and aging at resort villas in Katsuura and Onjuku located in exurb, Chiba Prefecture, outer Tokyo Metropolitan area This Study have chosen two resort villas where Millenia Katuura and Green Town Onjuku are changing to senior town. The villas owner and inhabitants who are almost all retired peoples belongs to high social status and also inhabitants are more aged than villas owners. Various and serious problems are caused by the progress of retirement’s settling down and aging at resort villas.

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The flood control forest is a traditional flood control measure that has been reevaluated as a flood-tolerant method in recent years. It is a unique measure in that it has multi-functional roles other than flood preventing one. In the Kizu River basin, Kyoto Prefecture, for example, such forests improve the quality of crops by supplying farmlands along them with fertile mud. It is recommended to recognize the present-day significance of the flood control forests and to manage them appropriately.     

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Visitor profiles and satisfactions of two seepage marshes which are opening to the public with different style were examined by questionnaire survey.  Based on this result, this study discussed appropriate public-open style for seepage marsh as geosite, or the elements of a geopark.

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Management Foundations of Farmers in the Less Favoured Areas of France: Case Study of Pays du Mézenc, Massif Central

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    I clarified the condition of commercialization by redevelopment in Tianzifang, Shanghai, China, and investigated about environmental assessment by the shopkeepers and the resident to it. 
    Tianzifang is a traditional residential section in central Shanghai. Its land use is mainly three stories collective houses. Commercialization of this area progressed from around 1990. And many of the first floors of the building are used for retail stores or restaurants now, and many of the second floors and the third floors remain as dwelling. Although this redevelopment succeeded in attracting many tourists and local residents, it is also a fact that the conventional living environment deteriorated.
    There is little exchange between shopkeepers and residents, and evaluations to redevelopment project are different each other. Half of residents are looking at redevelopment in the negative, on the other hand, over half shopkeepers are seeing it in the affirmative. Although the success of redevelopment project is often closed-up, the voice of the resident who is sad about deterioration of the community can become an important matter at the time of planning much more environmental management.

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This study is intended to develop downscaling scheme of meteorological data for agricultural use. This presentation describes the outline of the agricultural early warning system operated in Tohoku region, and spatial and long-term verification of the Leaf Blast Forecasting System (BLASTAM) by using 1km mesh meteorological data.

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The authors attempted to describe structure of surface water use in the Yellow River Basin, whose situation was difficult to be understood with a lack of actual data, in directly comparing structure of water resource use estimated by Onishi et al. (2006) and structure of ground water use estimated by Ichinose et al. (2009) in the each region. In the upstream areas surface water is mainly used and share of agricultural use is small. On the other hand, in the middle stream and the downstream areas share of ground water is large and share of agricultural use is large.

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The author measured daytime variability of skin temperature of 9 polo shirts (same material and design, different colors) exposed in solar radiation at the NIES campus of Tsukuba in sunny days of August, 2011. Different colors brought the obvious differences of skin temperatures. The order of temperatures was similar with the opposite one of “brightness”, a character of color. However green sometimes showed higher than black. This product (U company) was processed UV cut coating on the surface and this was apparently strong in some dark color.

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Permafrost has been degrading over large areas of the world. Hence, organizing and sustaining continuous observations to monitor the long-term thermal state of permafrost at various locations is important. Mongolia, southern fringe of the Siberian permafrost region, is characterized by arid, mountainous land underlain mainly by sporadic-to-continuous permafrost. This permafrost has temperatures close to 0°C and hence is highly vulnerable to climate-induced warming. We drilled new research boreholes and evaluated the thermal states for better understanding of the thermal states of Mongolian permafrost. I discuss their decadal changes based on the currently available thermal data from 48 research boreholes.

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The national and local governments in Japan have worked on projects to promote regional innovation since the 1980s. Although every project for regional innovation has been evaluated so far, little attention has been paid to the investigation from a medium- to long-term perspective. The purpose of this study is to examine whether various projects for regional innovation are suitable for the features of the industrial agglomeration and to understand the implications of the role of universities and colleges of technology on regional innovation. This study is based on the interview survey, statistical analysis, and literature researches on case studies in Ube region (Yamaguchi prefecture) and Kita-Kyushu region (Fukuoka prefecture), which are centered on big companies, and those in Tsubame-Sanjo region (Niigata prefecture) which have an agglomeration of the small-medium-sized companies.

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 Exhibitions of things associated with bird’s-eye views of landforms were held at Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba and some another museums in Japan in 2004~2009. We introduce concepts of the exhibitions and exhibition styles of each museum.

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Regional innovation policy for our government change the geographical boundary concept in the regional innovation policy became weak. The regional cluster policy of foreign countries was conscious of the difference in field of policy(Technology policy, Industrial policy, Local development policy). The local government which showed aggressiveness to devise a Science and Technology Basic Plan did not necessarily take aggressive policy development for the regional innovation policy.

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In the GIS working group of the Geography Association of Gunma prefectural High Schools,we examined the GIS practical use in the senior high school geography class as the part of the GIS practical use program in the secondary education implemented by the MLITT for three years from 2009.This is a report of the examples of the practical use of the GIS tool such as Google Earth and MANDARA and a report of the problems to be solved for the GIS practical use,which we examined through the activity.

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Based on analysis with "tsunami movie" recorded on Miyako City for about 26 minutes from 15:17 on March 11, 2011, this study clarifies dynamics of the tsunami flood in city area enclosed sea well. Change of depth of inundation and flow speed corresponding to tsunami flooding are measured by a 10cm unit, used the still image at the interval on 0.50 seconds of the movie. The result of dynamics of tsunami flood is important basic information for human escaping behavior, regional planning and education for disaster prevention.

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Zambia is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa. After the lingering economic depression started in late 1970s and the following implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programmes in 1990s, the relationship between urban and rural area is changing, which is characterized as the shrinking urban-rural income gap, out-migration from the large cities, and the increase in the informal sector job in urban area. 
This study aims to put the new light on changing urban-rural relationship in Zambia from the analysis of regional economic growth in the small town and the changing interaction between surrounding villages.

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The aim of this study is about the present conditions and the problem of the ecotourism guides.
When we promote Ecotourism, the role of ecotorism guides are very important. As for ecotourism guides, customer service, an environmental education, resources management, a role of the local contribution are expected.  However, there are few studies about ecotourism guides. In this study, I examine ecotourism guides in Shiretoko region.

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This paper aims to reconstruct the idea of place and place-making for the regional geography of not-othering. The author is presenting place and place-making is not only unique and particular one but also has some commonality with other place and place-making. It is the destination of geographers discussing on place to examine generation of place in micro-scale fieldwork.   

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This study addresses the validity of Aqua/AMSR-E soil moisture product for estimating the volumetric soil water content (VWC) in semiarid grasslands. We measured the values of VWC from Aug. 2010 to Sep. 2011 at three grasslands in Mongolia. Comparison between measured VWCs and remotely sensed ones indicated that the effectiveness of AMSR-E product depended on the site characteristics such as soil texture and vegetation.

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We recovered two borehole cores from the inner part of the Ishikari Plain to clarify the evolution of the floodplain in response to latest Pleistocene to Holocene environmental change. The base of the both cores were composed of sand and gravel formed probably during a sea-level lowstand. Thick, organic-rich mud occurs in the upper part of the cores. Radiocarbon ages suggest that the mud were accumulated after about 7 cal kyr BP.  

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We present characteristics of tectonic landform in Gelephu in southern Bhutan. First attempt of photo-interpretation related to tectonic geomorphology leads that active faults are distributed densely in southern Bhutan Himalaya. Fieldwork in Gelephu where typical tectonic landform are recognized by photo-interpretation provides us that 1) active fault has deformed landform and deposit in the late Quaternary (125 ka to present), 2) active fault has moved on same trace during the late Quaternary.

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It was found that the Amur River basin could be considered as a giant "fish-breeding forest" for the Sea of Okhotsk and Oyashio openwater by suppling dissolved iron. It is an essential element for the photosynthesis of phytoplankton and the sufficient supply of dissolved iron makes the Sea of Okhotsk and Oyashio openwater as one of the world richest oceans. 

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 Previous studies have assessed artificial landform transformation by measuring anthropogenic impacts on landform changes such as erosion and deposition. On the other hand, almost no previous studies have quantitatively evaluated the difference between modified landform and natural landform except Yamada (2001b)’s “topographic naturalness” assessed morphology mountains and hills. However, the method proposed by Yamada (2001) can only assesses morphology of mountains and hills partitioned by closed contour lines. This study, therefore, investigated a method of assessing and analyzing “topographic naturalness” which is not partitioned by closed contour lines, based on the geomorphometry using digital elevation model (DEM). The study area is northwestern Tama hills which have been modified artificially.
 In this study, we paid attention to the fact that the anomaly (T_SD) and increment (I) of trend surface analysis have negative correlation in mountains and hills. We then carried out regression analysis to explain the increment (I) by the anomaly (T_SD), by using past DEM in 1962 as reference data. We regarded the residual between the calculated anomaly (T_SD) and observed value as the standard to evaluate “topographic naturalness”. If the calculated residual is larger than -2RSE (RSE: twice of the standard error of the residual), we evaluated the topography as “natural”. If it is smaller than -2RSE, we evaluated it as “unnatural”.
 By applying this regression equation to the present DEM in 2003, we obtained the following three results. (1) At hills, “unnatural” topography occupied about 41.9% of all of the grid points in the present DEM whose topography is “unnatural” with the residual smaller than -2RSE. This characteristic was not found in the past DEM in 1962. (2) In the southern part of the study area, those “unnatural” grid points occupied almost all of them, while in the northern part, they were mainly distributed in Nan’youdai 1-3 Choume, and Koshino and Horinouchi. (3) All of these “unnatural” areas have been developed for housing lands, which implies that the increase of “unnatural” topography in the study area is derived from anthropogenic landform changes.
 In conclusion, we can evaluate the “topographic naturalness” with satisfactory accuracy if the study area is wide enough. Namely, this method is superior to the one proposed by Yamada (2001) which is only applicable to the area partitioned by closed contour lines.

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In digital game companies it used to be connecting inside. Now they are connecting with the formation of the hub of cluster which sets that as the center of a new network by organizing the Fukuoka Game Industry Promotion Agency. It also became possible to take in the organization which did not have a digital game company and a point of contact thereby until now. From this, although industrial accumulation was not seen, it was able to see that a different mechanism from Tokyo which is a dump region worked in Fukuoka.

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Tourists who come to Hiraizumi town, where some temples, garden are registered world heritage in 2011, are increasing after resisted world heritage. Now, I searched inhabitant consciousness who accept tourists.
First, they think about world heritage as good opportunity and welcoming. They want to Hiraizumi town activation but some inhabitants worry about town's environment such as illegal parking and littering.
Then, I searched in more detail as who is the most welcoming or not of world heritage register.
Many people welcoming world heritage but civil servant are feeling anxious because they have to protect heritage, hear about inhabitants and accept tourist.

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We obtained accurate changes in sea level and coastal environment since the last deglaciation on the coast of Kagoshima Bay on the basis of bore-hole data, molluscan shell, C-14 age and tephra. Sea-level changes are as follows: rapid rise between c. 15,000 and c. 13,000 cal BP, slow rise between c. 13,000 and c. 11,500 cal BP, rapid rise between c.11,500 and c. 7,500 cal BP. The depth of the mouth of the palaeo-river in the northern coast and the deepest point in the mouth of the bay suggest Kagoshima bay was lake in LGM. 

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This presentation reports representations of nuclear power station issues/accidents on secondary geography education resources in England.

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To clarify the heat, water carbon exchange process and dynamics by comprehensive approach, we started long term monitoring of the eddy-correlation based flux observations, the hydro-climatic observations, the phonological camera monitoring and sap flow measurement at the 25-m height tower and forest around the tower in the Udleg (48 15’43.7” N, 106 50’56.6”E, altitude: 1264m) over the larch forest in Research Forest of NUM in northern Mongolia since 2009. We’ve also carried out the tree-ring observation to get the stand history (age, growth rate, fire, drought etc.) and dendrometer observation to get the diameter growth of larch trees.

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The study aims to reveal the space for science and technology based innovation in terms of analyzing flow of knowledge. Case studies show the space complex which is constructed by relationship of joint research projects. In conclusion, the characteristics of the space of science and technology based innovation are not dichotomy whether local or non-local, but constructed with multi layered space. It depends on relational proximity rather than geographical one.

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The purpose of this study is to show internal structure of Izu-Oshima Geoaprk through the roles of the guides. After Izu-Oshima was registerd as Geopark, the guides came to take the various roles such as  provider leading regional development and the communicator as well as tour operator. Through the geopark activities by the guides, the fence between life and tourism space decreased gradually. In Izu-Oshima, the new structure that a variety of elements were tied to a main shaft organically in "Geopark" has been visible.

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     Well-developed fluvial terraces are distributed in drainage of the Aga River, southern Aizu area, Fukushima Prefecture. This study classified the higher terraces into H1 Surface(H1), H2 Surface(H2) and H3 Surface(H3) based on stratigraphy, which is A₂Pm originated from Hida Mountains, TyP and Tsurugaike Debris Avalanche Deposit(Tsurugaike-DAD) in descending order.
     H1 consists of subrounded gravel bed covered with Tsurugaike-DAD. H2 and H3 are strath terraces of Tsurugaike-DAD. H2 is covered with the loam comprising TyP, whereas TyP does not cover H3, which emerged before A₂Pm fell.
     Therefore, H1 and H2 formed before MIS11(MIS: marine oxygen isotope stage) and H3 emerged during MIS10.

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Current member of settled-pastoralists and mobile-pastoralists are using one valley as common land throughout the year in a village in northern Ulaanbaatar. However, little is known about how does both pastoralists manage common land. We conducted of interviews survey for herders in outlying pasture on the Ulaanbaatar city on August 2011. In this presentation, I’d like to discuss about the actual situation of land-use and herders problem from interaction among mobile and settled pastoralists.

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A proto type of real-time monitoring and predicting system for a landslide during heavy rainfall in Japan, the system with Soil Water Index Normalized by Greatest-value (SWING system), is being developed. We verified the system by monitoring catastrophic landslide disasters in the Kii Peninsula triggered by heavy rainfall of Typhoon No. 12 (Talas), 2011.

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Characteristics of radiation dose rate distribution were investigated along the 114 national road in Watari located in southeast part of the Fukushima basin on the basis of the measurements at two-month interval. The results are as follows.  (1) Most of the radioactive material fell on the ground before the last summer. (2) The radiation dose rates in the tunnnels were tenth part of those on the open areas. (3) The radiationdose rates on the mountain slopes were about one and a half times as high as those at the urban areas.

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The piston cores and gravity cores from off Joetsu in the southeast Japan Sea contain widespread tephras from distal volcanoes in the Kyushu, Chugoku, Chubu, and Hokkaido area. On the basis of the stratigraphy, petrography, and chemical composition of volcanic glass shards measured by microprobe analyzer (SEM-EDS; JEOL JSM-6390LA), tephras can be correlated to the As-K, AT, DKP, On-Ng, Aso-4, On-Kt, K-Tz, SK, Toya in descending order.

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This study presents the results of a case study of a mountain village in northeast Thailand. The focus of the study is on the change in its subsistence by introduction of cash crop cultivation that especially corn. 68percent of all cultivated land is corn, rice is 18percent, para rubber tree is 10percent and others are 3percent. Villagers depend on the corn cultivation.

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By a part of the GIS practical use program in the secondary education of the MLITT,the Gunma senior high school educational study geography group and the Gunma educational center took the lead from 2010.
The lesson using MANDARA,Google Earth,etc. was carried out in 2010 and 2012.
It was shown that GIS learns the attitude to consider.
On the other hand,in such activity,the mailing list of the person concerned played the effective role with existence of a study group.

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