In order to determine the base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid or related compounds under the presence of RNA and the related compounds or in acid insoluble fractions, the present method was devised. This method consists of the enzymatic hydrolysis, separation of hydrolysates by paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis, and the estimation of the fraction with L. leichmannii method. This method permits the determination of deoxy-riboside composition of the smaller amounts of DNA or the related compounds with relatively high accuracy even under the presence of any other compounds.
By this method, the ratio of each deoxyriboside in the enzyme hydrolysate of acid insoluble fractions prepared from the 3 to 19 day old embryos was determined. Among the major deoxyribosides, the contents of deoxyguanosine and of deoxycytidine were nearly constant during the development of the embryo, whereas, those of thymidine and of deoxyadenosine appear to undergo a change slightly at the periods from 10 to 15 days. It is interesting that the periods coincided with the time of the most marked synthesis of DNA, that of most significant changes of deoxyribosyl compounds in acid soluble fraction and that of the most excellent growth of the embryo.

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Several S-substituted-benzyl O-substituted-benzyl dithiocarbonates were synthesized and their acaricidal activities with Tetranychus urticae Koch were examined. Some dithiocarbonates, such as S-benzyl O-4-chlorobenzyl dithiocarbonate, S-benzyl O-4-bromobenzyl dithio-carbonate, S-benzyl O-3-methoxylbenzyl dithiocarbonate, S-3-methylbenzyl O-4-chlorobenzyl dithiocarbonate and S-3-methoxybenzyl O-4-chlorobenzyl dithiocarbonate, showed high ovicidal activities.

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Various S-benzyl 0-substituted-phenyl dithiocarbonates together with some related compounds were prepared and their biological activities were evaluated. Among them, S-benzyl 0-phenyl-, S-benzyl O-2-acetylphenyl- and S-benzyl O-4-methylthiophenyl-dithio-carbonates showed high ovicidal activity to the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. S-Benzyl 0-2-alkylphenyl-, S-benzyl O-2-allylphenyl- and S-benzyl 0-2-dimethyl-aminomethylphenyl-dithiocarbonates showed herbicidal activities to barnyardgrass and radish. S-Benzyl O-4-alkylphenyl dithiocarbonate was herbicidal only to radish. Some structure-activity relationships are discussed.

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Several thionocarbonates were synthesized and their antifugal activities were examined. O-Benzyl 0-4-nitrophenyl thionocarbonate, O-benzyl 0-3-nitrophenyl thionocarbonate and O-benzyl 0-4-acetylphenyl thionocarbonate showed excellent activities to Pellicularia sasakii. O-Benzyl 0-2- and 4-acetylphenyl thionocarbonate showed the highest activities to Pyricularia oryzae.

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An improved purification procedure is described for preparation of crystalline amine oxidase in higher yields from the mycelial extract of Aspergillus niger. The amine oxidase was accumulated in mycelia of the fungus when it was grown in a medium containing n-butylamine as a sole nitrogen source. The n-butylamine was fed from the alkali tank of a pH stat connected with the jar fermenter, to maintain pH of the culture medium at 5.0_??_5.5 during the incubation.
The amine oxidase was shown to be inhibited by guanidine hydrochloride and dissociation of the enzyme occurred when it was dialyzed against 6M guanidine hydrochloride containing 0.1M mercaptoethanol. The native enzyme of its molecular weight of 252, 000 dissociated into three subunits of each molecular weight of 85, 000 during the dialysis.
Pyridoxal derivatives were detected in digest of the native enzyme by proteolysis followed by acid hydrolysis. The derivatives showed a biological activity to support the growth of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Fluorescence property of these derivatives rather resembled to that of the known pyridoxal derivatives. A ¹⁴C-labelled protein was prepared from a solution containing the enzyme and ethylamine-1-¹⁴C, through the reductive action of sodium borohydride. On acid hydrolysis of the protein, a radioactive compound was obtained that has chromatographic and fluorescence properties of pyridoxylethylamine.

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Low-boiling compounds escaping during steam distillation of Cryptotaenia japonica HASSK were collected and examined with chromatographies and by the preparation of their derivatives.
The following compounds were identified. Six paraffin hydrocarbons: n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, isooctane, n-nonane; seven carbonyl compounds: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, acetone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone; three esters: n-propyl and isopropyl formates, n-propyl acetate; eight alcohols: methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, isopentanol, n-octanol; two sulfides: dimethyl and methyl ethyl sulfides; six monoterpene hydrocarbons: a-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, limonene.

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The amounts of proteolytic products derived from each fraction of rabbit muscle proteins by purified cathepsin D from rabbit muscle, and the effects of cathepsin D and pepsin treatments on ATPase activity of myosin B were studied.
Water-soluble protein was most rapidly hydrolyzed, followed by myosin A, actin, and myosin B.
In comparison with the control, the decrease of the Mg-enhanced ATPase activity of myosin B treated with cathepsin D was observed, but no difference was observed in the Ca-enhanced ATPase activity of myosin B by this treatment.
The removal of native tropomyosin in myosin B was not recognized by cathepsin D treatment, which was different from trypsin treatment.
The effect of pepsin treatment on the Mg-enhanced ATPase activity of myosin B was fairly similar to that of cathepsin D treatment.

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During the course of our investigations on the metabolism of d-biotin by microorganisms, it has been found that some strains of fungi belonging to the genera Rhodotorula, Penicillium and Endomycopsis, are able to degrade d-biotin oxidatively into various biotin vitamers. The present work was undertaken to characterize these vitamers. The vitamers formed were separated by the ion exchange column chromatography, into Fraction A (d-biotin sulfoxide), Fraction B (unknown vitamer II), Fraction C (d-biotin) and Fraction D (unknown vitamer I). Rf values of vitamer I and vitamer II were found to be different from those of the known biotin vitamers. The vitamers I and II did not support the growth of Lactobacillus arabinosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but did support that of Bacillus subtilis. This degradation reaction occurred rather favorably in high aerobic condition.

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The amino acid sequence of triculamin is established from the amino acid composition of the peptides, which have been obtained by partial acid hydrolysis. It is a branched peptides, and a possible structure of the branched parts is proposed.

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Two juvabione analogues (III and IV) were synthesized and one (IV) of them was shown to possess the juvenile hormone activity.

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No difference was found in calcium sensitivity, electrophoretic and optical properties between acid caseins prepared from skimmilk before and after frozen storage (up to 180 days at -7°C).
Destabilization of casein micelles can not be explained either by the reduction of solvation of the micelles or by the liberation of k-casein from the micelles. However, when storage period was extended (about six months), splitting of a part of k- and β-casein from the micelles to soluble form was observed, suggesting a drastic change of structure of the destabilized casein micelles.

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The effects of penicillins and several other antibiotics (vancomycin, ristocetin, bacitracin, novobiocin, and D-cycloserine), all known as inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis, were tested on the growth of Anabaena variabilis, a strain of blue-green alga.
All the antibiotics tested inhibited the growth of Anabaena variabilis at concentrations ranging from 10μg to 1mg per ml. However, penicillins and the other antibiotics tested did not inhibit growth of strains of green algae.

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Casein micelles destabilized in milk under frozen storage was compared with stable casein micelles before frozen storage by means of analytical ultracentrifugation.
The stable micelles disaggregated with urea-containing buffer showed a single homogeneous peak of _??_0.9S, while a fast sedimenting subpeak, in addition to the major peak of _??_0.9S, appeared in the destabilized micelles. However, any difference was not found between the stable and destabilized caseins when they were analyzed after removal of calcium. It is suggested that a new type of association is formed, possibly through salt linkages, in the casein system destabilized under frozen storage. Sedimentation pattern of calcium paracaseinate phosphate complex in urea-containing buffer suggests that the destabilization of the micelles by rennin does not involve the change of salt linkages.

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The effects of γ-irradiation on wheat gluten were studied by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, starch gel electrophoresis and analysis of amino acid composition. Analyses of gluten at a moisture content of 2% revealed no significant change in amino acid composition except for cystine which was decreased by about 80 with irradiation at 10Mrad. Changes in the chromatogram from gel filtration were interpreted in terms of random depolymerization resulting from irradiation. The results of starch gel electrophoresis suggested that irradiation levels greater than 3Mrad resulted in characteristic changes in the molecular configuration of gliadin components.

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Basic compounds in the volatiles of roasted barley were analyzed by a gas chromatograph and a combination instrument of gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. As major components, the following nitrogeneous aromatic compounds were identified: pyridine, 2-methylpyrazine, 2, 5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2, 3, 5-trimethylpyrazine and a dimethylethylpyrazine. Ammonia was also detected in the volatiles of roasted barley by an amino acid analyzer.
The formation of 2, 5-dimethylpyrazine from pyruvaldehyde-amino acid model systems during roasting was shown, and the possible formation mechanism of pyrazines was presented.

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