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Issa M. I. FAKHR, Salah M. A. D. ZAYED, Nehal A. HAMDY
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
1-5
Published: February 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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The metabolism of [methoxy-
14C] Azinphos-methyl in the rat, following administration of a single oral dose, was investigated. The major part of
14C-activity was eliminated in the expired air within 48hr as
14CO
2. After that time the organs of the rat did not contain any appreciable radioactive residues. Seven radiolabelled, in addition to six non-labelled, metabolites have been detected in the urine. Of these two labelled and non-labelled could not be completely identified and are still under further investigation. Most of the identified metabolites are formed
via cleavage of P-O methyl ester bond.
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Satoshi SUZUKI
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
7-15
Published: February 20, 1996
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Residue amounts of 9 pesticides in rainwater had been investigated monthly from 1989 to 1992 in 9 prefectures of Eastern Japan. The year basis residues in rainwater of pesticides applied in paddy field were molinate>iprofenfos>simetryn (not detected), depending on vapor pressure and formulation type. Molinate was detected still in winter, suggesting its long-term persistence in the environment. Fenitrothion was detected evenly as 20-100μg/m
2/year. This was resulted from large shipment especially from dust formulation, aerial application in each prefecture, and long half-life periods in air. Malathion and diazinon with extremely short-term residues in the environment were detected less than 10μg/m
2/year in most part, but fenobucarb was detected more than 100μg/m
2/year in 3 prefectures. Isoprothiolane was detected more than 300μg/m
2/year in Tochigi tested, because these latter two pesticides were used in large quantities by ground and aerial applications. Pesticides in rainwater were mostly detected in summer with the residue peak at the main application periods. However, fenitrothion, malathion and diazinon applied to various crops through the year were slightly detected in winter as well. Although the falling amounts of pesticides was not clearly related to the prefectural shipment amounts, from these results detected periods of pesticides were corresponding to application season. It was concluded that pesticides residues in rainwater were detected only around application areas, and few pesticides were diffused widely in the air.
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Yasuhiko KONNO, Takashi SHISHIDO
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
17-21
Published: February 20, 1996
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In vivo metabolism of [methoxy-
14C] fenitrothion topically applied to the organophosphorus-resistant (Mizobe) and -susceptible (Sapporo) strains of the diamondback moth was examined. There was no difference in the rate of penetration between the two strains. Significant differences were found in the formation of internal metabolites,
i. e., fenitroxon levels were 3 to 4 times higher in the Sapporo strain, while the levels of dimethyl phosphate, a hydrolysis product of fenitroxon, were 2 times higher in the Mizobe strain. To confirm the differences
in vitro metabolism of [methoxy-
14C] fenitroxon was examined. In both strains, fenitroxon was detoxicated mainly by the hydrolysis in the soluble fraction, but the hydrolytic activity was 2 times higher in the Mizobe strain. Based on these results, it was proved that the increased fenitroxon hydrolysis in the soluble fraction plays an important role for fenitrothion resistance in the Mizobe strain.
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Preventive Activity against Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Pyricularia oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani
Toshio AKAGI, Shigeru MITANI, Terumasa KOMYOJI, Kuniaki NAGATANI
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
23-29
Published: February 20, 1996
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Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) analyses of fungicidal activity of 3-chloro-2-[
N-(3-substituted-2, 6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)] amino-5-trifluoromethylpyridines against
Sphaerotheca fuliginea,
Pyricularia oryzae and
Rhizoctonia solani were carried out and the results were compared. In the case of
S. fuliginea, a usual QSAR equation with Hammett's electronic parameter (σ
m) and hydrophobicity (π) was obtained, suggesting that the uncoupling mechanism might be involved in the mode of action. In the cases of
P. oryzae and
R. solani, QSAR equations were consisted of σ
m, π and the activity rank against
Botrytis cinerea as independent variables, indicating both of uncoupling and SH-inhibition were working in the action mechanism. Molecular orbital calculations clarified that the charge delocalization coupled with structural relaxations of the torsion angles between the C-N-C plane and the benzene and pyridine rings were responsible for strong acidity of fluazinam even in the less polar environment, which was reported as an important feature of shuttle-type uncoupling mechanism. More than one mode of action may be working behind the broad fungicidal spectrum of fluazinam.
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Hitoshi SHIMOTORI, Hirohisa YANAGIDA, Yuji ENOMOTO, Keiichi IGARASHI, ...
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
31-35
Published: February 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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On the basis of the hypothesis that sulfonanilide moiety had a control effect on clubroot of crucifers caused by
Plasmodiophora brassicae, newly synthesized benzenesulfonanilides with various substituents were evaluated for the control of this disease. In general, 2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylanilide and 2-chloro-4-nitroanilide derivatives showed a relatively high efficacy. Among them, flusulfamide (2′, 4-dichloro-α, α, α-trifluoro-4′-nitro-
m-toluenesulfonanilide) was one of the most active derivatives. The fungicidal activity of flusulfamide and its related compounds is discussed in this paper.
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Studies on Hexythiazox Resistance in Phytophagous Mite (Part 5)
Atsushi YAMAMOTO, Hiromi YONEDA, Renpei HATANO, Mitsuo ASADA
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
37-42
Published: February 20, 1996
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Stability of hexythiazox resistance in the citrus red mite,
Panonychus citri (MCGREGOR) was investigated under hexytiazox-free laboratory and field conditions. Under the laboratory condition, the hexythiazox susceptible (Haibara-S) and resistant (Haibara-R) strains were mixed at the ratios of 50:50, 30:70, 10:90 and 2:98. The hexythiazox resistance reversed rapidly in the populations 50S:50R and 30S:70R, but not sufficiently at the 12th generation in the populations 10S:90R and 2S:98R. In the citrus orchard where the hexythiazox resistance developed after 19 times of successive application with hexythiazox during 7 years, the changes in susceptibility to hexythiazox and the population fluctuation of females were investigated in populations on 6 different trees. The gradual reversion of resistance was observed during 33 months after the final treatment with hexythiazox. Populations of females on the 6 trees fluctuated differently before and shortly after the final treatment, but synchronously about one month after that. It was assumed that the reversion of hexythiazox resistance in the field was ascribed to the hexythiazox-susceptible individuals which remained in the orchard and immigrated from other orchards, the incompletely recessive inheritance of hexythiazox resistance and the reproductive disadvantage of resistant genotype.
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Studies on Hexythiazox Resistance in Phytophagous Mites (Part 6)
Atsushi YAMAMOTO, Hiromi YONEDA, Renpei HATANO, Mitsuo ASADA
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
43-47
Published: February 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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Estimations of realized heritabilities were conducted for the character of hexythiazox resistance by performing artificial laboratory selections in the citrus red mite,
Panonychus citri (MCGREGOR), which were collected from a citrus orchard at Haibara Agricultural Research Station (Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.) in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Realized heritabilities were estimated to be 0.835 for the selection for resistance using a strain collected from the orchard after 17 field selections during 6 years, and 0.051 for the selection for susceptibility using a greenhouse-maintained susceptible strain collected from the orchard before the field selections. These results suggested that hexythiazox resistance would be highly heritable in the strain whose initial resistance level was moderate.
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Absorption and Distribution
Koichi SAITO, Hideo KANEKO, Yoshitaka TOMIGAHARA, Iwao NAKATSUKA, Hiro ...
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
49-55
Published: February 20, 1996
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The absorption and distribution of imiprothrin ([2, 5-dioxo-3-(2-propynyl)-1-imidazolidinyl] methyl (1
R)-
cis,
trans-chrysanthemate) were studied by dosing (1
R)-
trans- or (1
R)-
cis-[imidazolidinyl-5-
14C ] -imiprothrin orally to male and female rats at 1 (low dose) and 200mg/kg (high dose).
14C-Concentrations in blood reached maxima within 5hr after dosing the
trans-isomer and decreased rapidly thereafter. In the rats treated with the
cis-isomer, the concentrations in blood reached a lower peak within 9hr after administration and decreased more gradually as compared with the rats given the
trans-isomer.
14C-Concentrations in tissues decreased along with the decreases in the
14C-blood levels in all treatment groups, these in each tissue 72hr after administration of the
cis-isomer being higher than in the
trans-isomer case. Metabolites identified in the blood were 2, 4-dioxo-1-(2-propynyl)-imidazolidine (PGH), 5-hydroxy-2, 4-dioxo-1-(2-propynyl)-imidazolidine (PGH-OH) and 2, 4-dioxo-imidazolidine (hydantoin, HYD) in the low dose groups, whereas PGH was mainly detected in the high dose groups for both
trans- and
cis-isomers. No parent compound was observed in any dose group. No marked sex-related differences appeared in the absorption and distribution of the
trans- or
cis-isomers within either dose group. These results suggest that imiprothrin is readily absorbed into the rat body, metabolized rapidly and excreted after distribution to tissues.
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Jeffrey G. SCOTT, Matthew A. ROBERTS
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
57-59
Published: February 20, 1996
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Shigeru MITANI, Kaori OHHASHI, Tomona YAMAGUCHI, Terumasa KOMYOJI
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
61-63
Published: February 20, 1996
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Yoshiyuki TAKAHASHI, Akiko HAYASHI, Akitoshi SAKURAI, Toru UMEZU, Yuta ...
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
65-67
Published: February 20, 1996
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Masaharu NAKAYAMA, Kazuho MATSUURA, Tetsuro OKUNO
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
69-72
Published: February 20, 1996
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Naoki MOTOYAMA, Hong-Kyu OH, Osamu KOMAGATA, Tariq MAHMOOD
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
73-79
Published: February 20, 1996
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The nature of insecticidally active components of “Muso, ” one of the so-called natural-plant extract-formulations, was investigated. The formulation exhibited a remarkable toxicity against the cabbage armyworm and two-spotted spider mite, and it was also equally toxic against the green peach aphid with or without resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. However, the insecticidal activity of “Muso” was extremely low against pyrethroid resistant strains of the diamondback moth, housefly, and German cockroach, as compared to susceptible strains of the corresponding species. Time-course of intoxication symptoms in the latter two species treated with “Muso” was similar to that produced by type II pyrethroids. The electrophysiological response of the exposed abdominal nerve cords of the German cockroach treated with “Muso” was identical to that produced by type II pyrethroids,
e. g. cypermethrin. The
1H NMR analysis as well as HPLC analysis using a chirally active column of the insecticidally active fraction purified from “Muso” revealed the presence of certain isomers of cypermethrin, and suggested the remarkable insecticidel activity of the so-called natural-plant extract-formulation was in actual due to the synthetic pyrethroid supplemented. A few other so-called natural-plant extract-formulations examined were also found to contain a mixture of cypermethrin isomers at a similar ratio. Possible dangers to growers, consumers as well as to the environment were pointed out of so-called natural materials used to control plant pathogens, insects, and weeds in organic agriculture, and the necessity to regulate such materials at administrative level was urged.
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Seiya YAMAGUCHI
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
81-85
Published: February 20, 1996
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Yoichi TAKANAMI
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
87-90
Published: February 20, 1996
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Naoharu WATANABE, Hideo ETON
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
91-96
Published: February 20, 1996
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Diversity and Exchangeability of the Cytochrome Oxidase
Kazunobu MATSUSHITA
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
97-103
Published: February 20, 1996
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Hideaki SUGAWARA
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
105-110
Published: February 20, 1996
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[in Japanese]
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
111-114
Published: February 20, 1996
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[in Japanese]
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
115-116
Published: February 20, 1996
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Kwang Yun CHO
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
119-123
Published: February 20, 1996
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Zhengming LI
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
124-128
Published: February 20, 1996
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Kasumbogo UNTUNG
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
129-131
Published: February 20, 1996
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Nuansri TAYAPUTCH
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
132-135
Published: February 20, 1996
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The extensive use of pesticide in Thailand has created some severe problems related to pesticide residues, pest resistance to pesticide and health hazards. In order to clarify the nature and behaviour of pesticide in the tropical environment of Thailand, the surveys of pesticide residues in soil, water, sediment, fish and shellfish to quantify the existence levels of pesticide residues were carried out during 1987-1989. The results revealed that several organochlorine pesticides some of which are no more in use now and also some organophosphorus were found remained at trace amounts in the environmental samples. The study on impact of pesticide residues on rice paddy environment had been carried out and there was no implication for short term effects from pesticide residues detected. The occupational health hazard of pesticide had also been identified and characterized by interview and field visits to formulating and repackaging plants. There was indication that hazards existed in pesticide formulating and repackaging plants in Thailand. Control measures and standard enforcement have been implemented in order to achieve hazard reduction.
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Jose R. MEDINA, Gil L. MAGSINO, Juanito B. BARRIUAN, Godofredo A. PERA ...
1996 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages
136-140
Published: February 20, 1996
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