Summary: Vitamin D₃ (50I. U. /100 g body wt) was injected day intraperitoneally to the fish H. fossilis maintained in artificial freshwater, calcium-rich freshwater and calcium deficient freshwater. The animals were killed on day 1,3,5, and 10. The serum calcium levels were estimated and CS were fixed for histological studies.
Administration of vitamin D₃ induced hypercalcemia in the fish kept in all the three different media.
The AF-positive cells of CS of vitamin D₃ treated specimens kept in artificial freshwater, calcium-rich freshwater and calcium-deficient freshwater depict hyperactivity which is expressed by their degranulation and increased nuclear volume.
The AF-negative cells of CS of vitamin D₃-treated fish kept in artificial freshwater have not shown any change, however, the AF-negative cells of the fish treated with vitamin D₃ and maintained in calcium-rich freshwater and calciumdeficient freshwater exhibit a decrease in their nuclear volume.

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Summary: The enteric nervous system (ENS) is capable of mediating intestinal reflexes in the absence of connections to the CNS. Nuclear immunoreactivity for Fos, a protein encoded by the c-fos proto-oncogene, has previously been used to visualize activated cells. We have attempted to use a commercial antibody to Fos to investigate the proportion of activated neurons in the myenteric ganglia of guinea pigs. Neuronal nuclei which demonstrated Fos immunoreactivity (F-IR) were counted in preparations fixed immediately after removal from the animals. Demonstration of all myenteric neurons in adjacent segments by staining with cuprolinic blue revealed that neurons with F-IR comprised a subset (65-75%) of all neurons. These results have led us to conclude that ENS has a basal activity for intestinal functions and this could be demonstrated easily by Fos immunoreactivity.

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Summary: The authors admit that the conjunctive-muscular constitution of the walls of the superior venae cavae throughout the length of the intrapericardium segment and the debouchement in the right atrium, associated with the presence of a myocardium sheath can be made up of a functional device of sphincter form able to act on the control of the blood flow to the interior of the arterial chamber as well as stopping blood flow during the arterial systole. The fixation of the venous wall to the deep chamber of the serous pericardium, contributes to growth in resistance during the elevation of venous pressure, making possible the preservation of integrity of the superior venae cavae. The expansion of fasciculi of nodal fibers in the right wall of the superior venae cavae permits that the unlocked impulse in the S-A node also reaches the vascular wall contributing to the shortening and diminution in caliber of the vein.

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Summary: In this study a total of 175 coronal CT scans of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses have been investigated. The uncinate bulla was detected in 21 (11 male and 10 female) cases of 175 patients. Out of 21,17 were bilateral while 4were unilateral. The incidence of the uncinate bulla was found as 12%.

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Summary: The definitions concerning the fascia pretrachealis is either contradictory or insufficient in anatomy textbooks. The fascia pretrachealis is clinically important in the procedure of tracheostomy, mediastinascopy and also in tracheal and bronchial trauma. The anatomy of the fascia pretrachealis (extension, relation and the attachments) was reexamined using cadaveric preparations and the clinical value of the fascia is reinforced. The fascia pretrachealis is attached to the upper brim and to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage and continued its course on the anterior surface of the trachea and fused with the advantitia of arch of the aorta, posterior aspect of pulmonary artery and the pericardium. Laterally it is attached to the cartilagenous part of the trachea. Also contraversial literature concerning description of the fascia pretrachealis has been evaluated.

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Summary; Morphological features of the rat spiral ganglion cells were investigated in serial sections by electron microscopy. Materials were obtained from healthy rat temporal bones after perfusion with glutaraldehyde. Cochleas were removed and prepared by routine electron microscopic methods. EDTA was used for decalcification. When semithin sections were studied two distinct types of the neurons were observed, the large and the small cell bodies, which were mostly myelinated. The differences between the organelles of these two cell type were analyzed under electron microscope. The large cell bodies were rich in cytoplasmic organelles and intracytoplasmic microfilaments were sparse. The small neurons contained fewer cytoplasmic organelles and were rich in microfilaments. In addition to the known types of neurons, higher magnifications indicated 1-2% of all these cells were intermediate cells. The morphological structure was basically the same as that of the large neurons but they were rich in cytoplasmic organelles including the microfilaments.

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Summary: Large channel endocytosis is considered to be the characteristic of specialized endocytic cells like macrophages and phagocytes while small pit endocytosis involving clathrin protein coatings are the membrane recycling macromolecular pathways for most eukaryotic cells. We show here that extracellular ATP induced cells to internalize their plasma membrane by large channel endocytosis. In the process of plasma membrane internalization, flat protracted cells round up and become easily detachable from the substrate. Scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM) revealed an increase in cell density as the ATP treated cells assumed a rounded morphology. The increase in cell density could be attributed to endocytic internalization of cell membrane and debris.

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Summary: The sexual dimorphism of the mouse submandibular glands was studied by stereological methods. Albino mice of both sexes aged 140 days were used. Their average weight was 34.7 g por males and 26.0g for females. The following morphometric dimensions were evaluated for the acini, intercalated ducts, convoluted granular tubules, striated ducts, excretory ducts and stroma: volume density, total volume, surface density, total external surface, surface-to-volume ratio, nuclear and cellular volume, and absolute number of cells. We also determined the mean diameters and estimated the total length of striated ducts and granular tubules in the gland. Analysis of the results showed that sexual dimorphism is present in all the morphological compartments of the mouse submandibular glands.

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Summary: In this study a total of 305 adult fibulae were examined to determine the number and location of the nutrient foramina in the shafts of bones. Of 305 fibulae,281 had one foramen,12 had two and the remaining 12 had no foramen. The foramina were seen primarily on the posterior surface (48.36%) and in the middle third (98.00%) of the bone. The mean foraminal index of the fibula was found to be 48.14 ± 0.46.

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Summary: Intraperitoneal zinc chloride was administered at 7.5 μ g/g body weight and 15 μ g/g body weight to 10-12 weeks old Swiss albino mice for 5 consecutive days. Control animals were given normal saline. The testis and epididymis were dissected and examined under the light microscope. Micrographs of the testes appeared normal in both treated and nontreated animals. However the group of animals treated with the higher dosage of zinc chloride showed evidence of rupture and collapse of the epididymal epithelial lining. The testes were not affected probably because of (a) known higher testicular concentration of metallothioneins which can bind the zinc and consequently detoxify the metal and (b) “stratified”epithelium comprising of spermatogenic and Sertoli cells.

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ummary: Morphometric investigations on the V2 segment of the vertebral artery, showed that, it did not have a constant calibre during its course within the foramina transversaria. The vertebral artery, entering the foramina transversaria reduced its calibre and further continued to reduce until C3 level, above C3 it began to reincrease its calibre and at Cl level reached its largest calibre. Measurements on the muscular thickness, showed an increase as ascending through the foramina transversaria. The widening and narrowing of the vertebral artery within the foramina transversaria was attributed as tortious artery or congenital anomaly. This study showed that it was the normal anatomy of the artery within the foramina transversaria.

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Summary: The extensor indicis and the extensor pollicis longus muscles differentiates from the extensor digitorum profundus muscle. The extensor indicis musde is an unstable muscle concerning its variations. Kosugi (1989) found the frequency of variations of this muscle to be 20% and described 18 different types of variations of this muscle. This study describes a rare case of the extensor indicis muscle. The extensor indicis muscle develops an accessory tendon in between the extensor indicis and extensor pollicis longus muscle. It passes under the extensor retinaculum. At the level of 2nd metacarpal bone, the accessory extensor indicis tendon is connected to the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus muscle by a intertendinous connection.

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Summary: We have developed an artificial bone modeling method by using negative cast technique. As we decided to usethis material in medical student training, we insisted on producing a long-standing and not expensive material therefore wechose a polyester resin.

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Summary: During dissection course a spleen with a pyramidal extremity was noted. Literature reviewed and this rare case has been presented.

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Summary: In this study, the morphometric measurements were done on human cadaver mandibles including ramus height and width, angle between ramus and corpus, the relation between foramen mentale and teeth. The aim of this study was to establish some standards with the achieved results in order to expand these studies in some reconstructive surgical areas. As a result, the standard measurements were established under the heads of short and long ramus, acute and obtuse angle mandibles.

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Summary: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the termination and angulation of the EJV (External jugular vein)and the number and the position of its valves so as to improve our understanding of the anatomy of the EJV and to make the manuplation easier in central venous catheterization in newborn.
The present study was carried out on 50 newborn cadavers (31 male,19 female).100 Dissections were bilaterally made. The angle of the termination of the EJV was measured. Its termination angle was also radiologically measured. Its termination was classified into three types: In 72 cases (72%), EJV flowed into the jugulo-subclavian venous confluence; in 26 cases (26%), into the SCV (Subclavian vein) at a distance (1cm) from its junction with the IJV (Internal jugular vein); in 2 cases (%2) into the trunk of the IJV.
Its termination types were asymmetrical in 12 cadavers (24%) and symmetrical in 38 (76%).
Its termination angle was found both anatomically or radiologically to be within 25° -60°.
The valves of the EJV were examined in 10 newborn cadavers. They were most often bi-valvular, in paraostial position and were of a membranous character.
It is important to remind the physician about the surprises related to its terminations and angulations during the central venous catheterization.

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