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Volume 26, Issue 2
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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[in Japanese]1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 100
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (136K) -
Masatoshi Ito1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 101-110
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo elucidate the neurochemical mechanism of epilepsy, we investigated the role of neurotransmitter systems in the animal models of epilepsy, the mechanism of anticonvulsants and proconvulsants, the neurotransmitters in the CSF of children with epilepsy, and the new therapy for epilepsy. The main results are as follows.
1) In El mice, the increased activity of excitatory amino acids system in cortex and decreased activity of noradrenergic system in striatum and hippocampus were related to the increased seizure susceptibility.
2) GABA sensitivity was reduced in young DBA 2 J mice which are susceptible to audiogenic seizures.
3) Lower benzodiazepine receptor densities were found in hippocampus of 4 and 16 weeks-old tremor rats. GABA concentrations in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the tremor rats increased at 5 weeks-old and decreased at 15 weeks-old. These changes may be related to the absence-like seizures in tremor rats.
4) Anticonvulsant mechanism of ACTH may be due to antagonizing glutamate binding. Proconvulsant mechanism of thyroid hormone may be related to the decrease in number of cerebral cortical neuronal benzodiazepine receptors. Penicillin acts its proconvulsant effect through inhibiting GABA-gated chloride ion influx.
5) CSF GABA level in children with infantile spasms was lower than in controls. The combination of vitamin B6 and valproic acid is effective and safe therapy in the treatment of infantile spasms. Further investigations by the neurochemical approaches are necessary to understand the mechanisms of epilepsy and develop the new therapy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1161K) -
Morimi Shimada1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 111-112
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHypoxic encephalopathy during the late gestation and perinatal period occupies a large part as a cause of mentally and physically handicaps. An extensive study on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the hypoxic brain damage is, therefore, the matter of urgency to minimize the occurrence of handicapped children. The main factors and/or processes relating to hypoxic or hypoxic-ischemic brain damage are (1) structural and functional immaturity of the brain vascular system and (2) a metabolic cascade triggered by hypoxia. As the following metabolic cascade subsequent to hypoxia has been partly made clear;(a) disturbance of the energy metabolism, (b) excessive release of excitatory amino acids and subsequent activation of NMDA and K/Q receptors at the cell membrane, (c) collapse of the membrane ion pump, and (d) increase in turnover of membrane phospholipids.View full abstractDownload PDF (220K) -
Yasuhiro Okada1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 113-118
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHippocampal slices were prepared from 4-day, 7-day and 10-day-old, and adult rat brains. Energy use rate and oxygen consumption rate were determined in each slice. Neural activity (population spikes, PS) was recorded in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer and correlated with ATP and creatine-P levels during deprivation of oxygen and/or glucose. The energy use rate of respective slices was 1.09-P mmol/g DNA/min in 4-day-old, 2.93 in 7-day-old, 3.42 in 10-day-old and 4.75 in adult rat, respectively.
The oxgen consumption rate for slices from 4-, 7-, and 10-day-old and adult rats was 0.13, 0.24, 0.47 and 0.8 02 mmol/g DNA/min, respectively. Thus energy use rate as well as oxygen consumption rate increased during development and the difference in the time course of the increase between energy use and oxygen consumption indicated clearly that the energy production in the immature brain is mainly supported by anaerobic glycolysis whereas in mature rat by aerobic metabolism.
The correlation between neural function (amplitude of PS) and the level of ATP of each slice during oxygen and/ or glucose indicated that the presence of glucose is essential for thepreservation of the neural activity in addition to the maintenance of ATP levels in the slice.View full abstractDownload PDF (683K) -
Akira Sato1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 119-124
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPathophysiology of fetal distress has not been elucidated completely so far. But there has been a rapid progress in the studies both in vitro and in vivo which investigated the causes of neuronal death by hypoxia.
At the initiation of hypoxemia, elevation of fetal blood pressure will occur due to constriction of fetal peripheral vessels, and this results in fetal heart rate slowing and respiratory compromise. During moderate hypoxemia, circulating blood is redistributed to the brain, heart and adrenals at the expense of peripheral organs (lung, skin, etc.). During prolonged hypoxemia, blood flow to the brain stem is maintained and even greater than that in other brain regions. Neuronal activity of brain stem, an autonomic center, is important for survival of a fetus. As hypoxa progresses, glucose in metabolized anaerobically, lactate concentration elevates, and concentrations of high-energy phosphates decrease in the cerebrum. When cerebral metabolism has collapsed finally, neuronal membranes depolarize, voltage-gated Ca++ channels open and Ca++ flux into the cytoplasm increases, These changes result in neuronal death. It is considered that glutamates, oxygen radicals and other substances are involved in the increase of Ca++ influx. These studies suggest that hypoxic stimulation should be avoided in the chronically deteriorating fetus for prevention of unrecognized fetal brain damage.View full abstractDownload PDF (749K) -
Haruo Hattori1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 125-129
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBesides their role as neurotransmitters, excitatory amino acids (EAAs) in the developing brain are crucially involved in plasticity and excitotoxicity which are modified by their distinct ontogeny. Postsynaptic EAA system activities, particularly of the N-methyl-D-aspartate and quisqualate receptors, are transiently enhanced early in life. This transient enhancement is presumably beneficial to the immature brain because physiologic activation of the EAA system plays a critical role in plasticity of early learning and morphogenesis. At the same time, this transient hypersensitivity renders the immature brain vulnerable to pathologic excitation of the EAA system (excitotoxicity) as observed during neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.View full abstractDownload PDF (603K) -
Takaaki Kirino1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 130-135
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe neurons in the hippocampus, striatum, and cerebral or cerebellar cortex are particularly vulnerable to a short period of ischemia. Following brief ischemic insult, neurons die after a latent period for a few days (delayed neuronal death). To account for this selective vulnerability to ischemia, glutamate- calcium hypothesis has come to be widely accepted. Glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter, increases during ischemia. The hypothesis proposes that accumulated extracellular glutamate in turn triggers an increase of intracellular Ca2+ and eventually neuronal cell death. When neurons are subjected to sublethal ischemia, they express stress response and become transiently tolerant to further ischemia. These characteristics of ischemic neuronal death following brief ischemia indicate that neuronal death under such situation is not due to simple destruction of the cell. On the contrary, the fate of neurons following ischemia seems to depend on the basic cellular function which determines death or survival. This assumption is partially supported by the fact that some neurotrophic factors can save neurons following ischemic. However, the further basic mechanism of ischemic neuronal cell death is still unknown.View full abstractDownload PDF (8553K) -
Tatsuya Koeda1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 137-141
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) Twenty-one children with right hemiplegia and 17 with left hemiplegia were studied as to emotional differences using the Toddler Temperament Test. Right hemiplegic children were less adaptable than con-trols or left hemiplegic, while left hemiplegic children were found to be more approachable than controls or right hemiplegic ones. These emotional features were similar to those of adult hemiplegias. We speculate that these characteristic emotions are associated with the damage to each hemisphere.
2) Eighteen patients with spastic diplegia (SD) after preterm birth were studied to clarify the relationship between visuo-perceptual impairment (VPI) and their cerebral lesions. The VPI was significantly correlated with the volume of peritrigonal white matter. In another psychological study, SD with preterm birth also showed impairment of stereoscopic vision. We suggest that the VPI might be caused by the impairment of stereoscopic vision.View full abstractDownload PDF (653K) -
Kenzo Takeshita1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 142-144
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPerinatal asphyxia is a well recognized cause of cerebaral palsy and related disabilities. However, uncertainties exist regarding the degree of asphyxia required to cause brain injury.
Determination of degree of asphyxia is a simple matter of measuring blood gases and pH. However, the mechanism of asphyxia required to produce cellular damage in a particular individual varies widely, depending not only on depth and duration of the asphyxia but even more on other biochemical changes, especially glucose, excitatory amino acids, calcium activated protein, or the receptor side of ionic channels. The mechanism of delayed neuronal cell death or cell-to-cell connection is also mysterious. The immature brain is not a reduced version of the adult brain. Studies should develop to a wide variety of aproaches to clear the complex interactions between birth asphyxia and anoxic brain damage.View full abstractDownload PDF (395K) -
Masamichi Nagahata, Kihei Maekawa1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 145-146
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis symposium was forcused on habilitation for children with visual and hearing impairment, speech-language disorder, and hyperkinetic disorder. New and variable approaches were reported in topics of habilitation for these handicapped children by an ophthalmologist, an otorhinolaryngologist, a child neurologist, a speech therapist and an educational psychologist. Many points of these approaches were then discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (242K) -
Chin-ying Lo1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 147-151
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVisual impairment refers to a loss of visual acuity or one or more functions of the eye and visual system. It is not necessarily a disability or a handicap for the individual. The majority of visually impaired children are multihandicapped.
Diagnostic and treatment centers have been introduced in an attempt to resolve present difficulties in providing health care to the multihandicapped. Pseudoretardation can occur in blind children if adequate opportunities are not provided for learning. Early diagnosis of visual impairment is important for obvious medical reasons.
Early referral of blind children and their families to agencies for help is crucial. Almost invariably, mothers are the first to suspect that something is wrong with their infants' eyes. An ophthalmological examination, rather than simple reassurance, is needed.
How an ophthalmologist leads parents through the period after diagnosis and the following next few weeks will affect the child's life much more than is generally realized. There is a need for a multidisciplinary team approach to evaluation and treatment of blind children. Cerebral palsy and profound visual impairment are a bad combination. Visual impairment alone does not predispose to a specific learning disability. Partially sighted students can be helped in various ways to function in their class.View full abstractDownload PDF (7736K) -
Yoshisato Tanaka1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 152-157
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSModern therapeutic education of young hearing-impaired children is premised on the active use of residual hearing for helping the deaf child learn language and speech. In this case, measurement of degree of the child's hearing loss and proper fitting of hearing aids are indispensable. Today, accurate measurement of hearing can be made even in infancy by the combined use of behavioral audiometry and auditory brain stem response audiometry. Fitting hearing aids for young hearing-impaired children is possible, if there is an ex-perienced clinician.
During the period 1973-1991, I conducted a home training program to 1, 613 young hearing-impaired childrenat the Department of Otolaryngology, Teikyo University Hospital. Out of the 1, 613 children, 222 were under one year old, 481 one year old, 470 two years old, 246 three years old, 104 four years old, 69 five years old and 21 six years old. In 1983, we made a follow-up study of hearing-impaired children who had received my home training program and were receiving compulsory education at that time. According to the replies of 87 children to our questionnaire, approximately 70 per cent of the children were attending ordinary schools.View full abstractDownload PDF (729K) -
Yukuo Konishi, Kaoru Konishi1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 158-162
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe health care of children with speech disorders, ranging from diagnosis to handling by local health centers, was reported based on our experience in Fukui Prefecture. With regard to diagnosis, it was stressed that both medical diagnostic and developmental diagnostic viewpoints are necessary. With respect to practical aspects of health care, the role of physicians in a treatment team and the formation of a team in response to the specific type of disorder was discussed. In addition, various problems and their handling within the context of the social environment surrounding the care of children with speech disorders was also covered. Lastly, it should be stressed that fundamentally the therapy of speech disorders should not rely solely on personal training; an understanding of the mind of children affected by speech disorders is vital to successful treatment.View full abstractDownload PDF (587K) -
Ichiko Kitano1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 163-168
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs psychological and physiological development and circumstances vary considerably, the problems of speech and language in children are further complicated. The speech therapists (ST) who have been concerned with these children and their families are requested eagerly to reconsider and control their own communicative attitude. Furthermore, STs have to improve clinical technique that is appropriate to each child.
In this report, the author shows the outline of the speech and language problems of children, and discusses the merit and demerit of speech therapy itself. The clinical approach for motor speech disturbance and sensory language disorder is also described.View full abstractDownload PDF (2717K) -
Hitoshi Hara1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 169-174
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA critical review was given to the diagnostic transition of hyperacitve children, i. e., from attention deficit disorder to attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Based on the new diagnostic criteria for hyperactive childern, orhyperkinetic disorders in ICD-10, 12 of 122 (9.8%) children with a birthweight less than 1, 500 grams have found to show hyperkinetic disorders during ordinary follow-up examinations at 4 to 6 years of age. Discontinuation of stimulants during school holidays, or the “drug holidays” procedure, was recommended not only because a child's response to stimulants could be reconfirmed but also because the side effect of growth retardation could be avoided. Three typical drug responders with hyperactivity were presented. Case 1 was a 19-year-old male with some autistic features and tics. He had been taking pemoline from 10 to 13 years of age, but showed no side effects. Case 2 was a 15-year-old boy with epileptic EEG abnormalities, and had been also taking pemoline from 6 to 10. He was attacked by a partial seizure with secondary generalization just 2 months after the drug administration. Recurrence of epileptic seizures was prevented by additional medication of an anticonvalsant, carbamazepine. Case 3 was a 13-year-old boy with enuresis nocturna and with several febrile seizures, and had been taking clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, from 4 to 6. The antidepressant proved very effective to his hyperactivity and temper tantrum, but not to his enuresis.View full abstractDownload PDF (802K) -
Tatsuo Sakamoto1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 175-181
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere are two significant psychoeducational methods as theraputic approach for hyperactive children. The one, a method of assessing hyperactivity, is the behavioral modification technique. The other, which is further contrary to the first, is a neuropsychological procedure. We investigated the following behavioral features in terms of the second method, such as equilibrium abilities, tactile defensiveness and vestibular-propriocepfive processing.
Concerning the psycho-educational therapy for hyperactive children with developmental disabilities, it is very important to promote the improvement of such potentialities as integrative abilities by means of multisensory stimulation. Then, it will needed further to plan the treatments that modulate the functional relationship between sensory input and behavioral output.
The focus of these treatments is put on improving the neural organization and promoting the adaptive behavior of hyperactive children.View full abstractDownload PDF (824K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...1994 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 182
Published: March 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 10, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (2352K)
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