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Chihiro Kato, Satomi Tanaka, Yasuhiro Naganuma, Toyohiko Shindo
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
163-164
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Satomi Tanaka, Yasuhiro Naganuma, Chihiro Kato, Kazuyuki Horie
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
165-170
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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The photophysicochemical changes of vinyl polymers (polyethylene, polystyrene and poly(vinyl alcohol)) under 172nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light irradiation from Xe
2 excimer lamps were investigated by means of contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared absorption spectroscopy. The bond scission and oxygen incorporation to the polymer structure cause the formation of new functional groups (C=C, C-O, C=O, etc.), leading to the change in surface wettability. The effect of the VUV treatment on polymers depends on the surrounding gas (dry air or N
2) during the irradiation.
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Kazuo Sugiyama, Takayuki Ogawa, Yasuo Yokota, Tatsuhiko Yajima
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
171-172
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Satoko Nishiyama, Masahiro Tajima, Yasuhiko Yoshida
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
173-180
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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The luminescence of poly(4-vinylpyridine) was significantly changed with the quaternization of pyridine moiety with alkyl halides at gas/solid interface. The emission band of pyridine around 390 nm disappeared and new band around 520 nm appeared. Using this phenomenon, the reaction progress can be followed with luminescence change. This would be applied to other alkyl halides and other reagents, which can modify the polymer surface, and this would be applicable as a new convenient method of patterning on the nitrogen-containing polymer. The quaternization on polymer surface with alkyl halides was also confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM images showed that the changes in surface morphology were very significant and were in line with the changes in luminescence and XPS peaks.
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Hiroshi Kikuchi, Hirofumi Yamamoto, Hiroto Sato, Masahiro Kawakita, Ku ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
181-186
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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We propose a novel pi-cell with polymer walls that can be stabilized in a bent configuration, using the polymerization-induced phase separation of liquid crystals from a cross-linked polymer formed through free-radical photo-polymerization. The polymer walls were formed using an ultraviolet (UV)-curable multifunctional monomer, which was exposed to non-uniform UV-illumination through a photomask while maintaining a constant concentration of liquid crystal in the micro-celled structures. When a mixed solution of the liquid crystal and a UV-curable monomer held between two substrates was subjected to an electric field and partially irradiated with UV light, the monomer polymerized to form walls that were vertical with respect to the substrate. Consequently, the bend-alignment of the liquid crystal was stabilized by both the interfaces with the polymer walls and the alignment layers on substrates.
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Tatsuya Tachikawa, Chiemi Handa, Sumio Tokita
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
187-190
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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A leuco crystal violet analog, tris(4-
N,
N-dimethylaminophenyl)methanethiol (1) was synthesized and utilized to the γ rays detection system. Acetonitrile solution of leuco dye 1 showed significant absorbance change after γ irradiation of 1 Gy, and the change was more significant than those of tris(4-
N,
N-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol (2) and leuco crystal violet (3).
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Daisuke Nakazawa, Tatsuya Tachikawa, Sumio Tokita
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
191-194
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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A novel phenoxazine color former, 3, 7-bis(
N,
N-diethylamino)-10-(2, 2, 2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl)phenoxazine (
1), was synthesized. Acetonitrile solution of colorless
1 was observed to give blue cation
2a by γ irradiation of 10 Gy. Little absorbance changes were observed when the blue shade solution was kept for 6 d after γ irradiation. Compound
1 showed excellent sensitivity to γ rays and the resulting cation
2a was stable enough to provide a candidate for a novel dosimetry system.
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Toshiko Mizokuro, Hiroyuki Mochizuki, Noritaka Yamamoto, Shin Horiuchi ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
195-198
Published: 2003
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Hiroyuki Mochizuki, Toshiko Mizokuro, Noritaka Yamamoto, Nobutaka Tani ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
199-202
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Kentarou Tamaki, Hideaki Takase, Fujun Huang, Yuichi Eriyama, Takashi ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
203-208
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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New photosensitive organic-inorganic hybrid materials with high resolution, which are comprised of siloxane oligomers, photo acid generators (PAGs), and amine compounds, have been developed for optical splitters. Effects of amine content, post exposure baking time, and UV dose on resolution of the resulting patterns were investigated for photolithography. It was found that diffusion control of both acid generated from PAG and amine added as well as their quantity played an important role on precise pattern fabrication. Optical 1×4 splitters based on the hybrid materials were fabricated through a photolithographic process and demonstrated low insertion loss at 1.55 μm.
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Atsushi Sekiguchi, Yoshiyuki Kono, Yoshihisa Sensu
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
209-216
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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An existing FT-IR spectrometer system incorporating a bake plate for
in situ observation of protection group removal reactions (de-protection reactions) of chemically amplified resists is modified, leading to the development of a new de-protection reaction model. Modifications to the FT-IR spectrometer system are made to ensure full contact between a wafer and the bake plate, as is the case in actual PEB systems. Processes during initial wafer heating are found to be different to the previous equipment, in which a gap of 0.2 mm existed between the wafer and baking plate. Because the results of the improved system disagree with a previous model, a new model which fits the observed data much more consistently is proposed. The new de-protection reaction model incorporates the effects of acid evaporation, which are found to be significant.
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Yoichi Shindo, Taichi Setoguchi, Kikuko Fukumoto, Kazuhiko Ishihara, D ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
217-218
Published: 2003
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Cunlin Zhang, Qingli Zhou
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
219-220
Published: 2003
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A kind of acid amplifier called acid proliferation generator was proposed to produce acids in a manner of auto-catalysis. In view of its function in chemically amplified photoresists, we put forward a new application in Computer to Plate (CTP) and investigated its behavior in the process of imaging.
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Mitsuhito Suwa, Youji Fujita, Tomoyuki Yuba, Satoshi Yoshida, Masato T ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
221-226
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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This paper describes an approach to develop a positive working photosensitive polyimide coating (positive-PSPI) for semiconductor packages. We designed a new polyimide back-bone for positive-PSPI from a point of solubility, adhesion to molding compound and copper migration. In addition, we found effective adhesion improvers for Cu. From these experimental results, we succeed to develop new positive-PSPI coatings which are suitable for wafer level chip size packaging, bumping protection, as well as buffer coating.
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Masatoshi Yuasa, Nobuyuki Furukawa, Yukihiro Wada, Yoshiharu Kimura
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
227-232
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Polyimide-siloxane with reactive functionalities in siloxane segment were synthesized and their properties were investigated. The vinyl-containing polyimide-siloxane was derived from 3, 3', 4, 4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride /bis[4-(3-aminophenoxy)phenyl] sulfone combined with vinyl-containing diamino(poly)siloxane and imidized by solution method. The vinyl groups of the polyimide were reacted easily with various hydrosilanes to form the corresponding crosslinked polyimide. Further silicate-containing polyimide was synthesized by hydrosilation of the vinyl-containing polyimide-siloxane and the alcohoxysilane. The silicate-containing polyimide-siloxane were easily hydrolyzed to give crosslinked polyimide during the process of preparing their films by curing. These crosslinking reaction in both of functionalized polyimides were taken place between siloxane chain which is soft segment. As the results, thermal and mechanical properties of the crosslinked polyimide-siloxane were largely enhanced compared to non-crosslinked polyimide.
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Hiroaki Yamaguchi
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
233-236
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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UBE INDUSTRIES LTD. has developed the non-adhesive type copper clad laminate, “UPISEL
®-N”, based on the new polyimide film. UPISEL
®-N is formed by the continuous heat lamination of copper foil and the modified polyimide film which has a thermoplastic nature at the surface region. With no use of adhesive, UPISEL
®-N maintains high physical properties and high reliability at high temperatures. It performs excellent peel strength, heat soldering resistance, chemical resistance and dimensional stability.
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Mitsuru Ueda, Kazuya Ebara, Yuji Shibasaki
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
237-242
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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This review article is concerned with two new convenient synthetic routes for a photosensitive poly(benzoxazole) (
PBO). The first synthetic route is based on poly(
o-hydroxyamide) and 1-{1, 1-bis[4-(2-diazo-1-(2
H)naphthalenone-5-sulfonyloxy)phenyl]ethyl}-4-{1-[4-(2-diazo-1(2
H)naphthalenone-5-sulfonyloxy)-phenyl]-methylethyl}benzene (
S-DNQ). Poly(
o-hydroxyamide) was prepared by polycondensation of 2, 2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane and diphenyl isophthalate in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) at 185-205°C. The photosensitive
PBO precursor consisting of poly(
o-hydroxyamide) and 30 wt%
S-DNQ showed a high sensitivity (110 mJ cm
-2) and contrast (5.0). The second route is based on poly(
o-hydroxyazomethine) and
S-DNQ. Poly(
o-hydroxyazomethine) was prepared by condensation of 2, 2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane with isophthalaldehyde in NMP/toluene under azeotropic conditions. Poly(
o-hydroxyazomethine) containing 30 wt%
S-DNQ functioned as the positive working photoresist. The positive image was successfully converted to the
PBO pattern by thermal treatment.
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Amane Mochizuki, Kazunori Mune, Ryuusuke Naitou, Takahiro Fukuoka, Ken ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
243-246
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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A negative-working photosensitive polyimide-precursor (PSPI-precursor) for optical waveguide based on a poly(amic acid) (PAA) and 1, 4-dihydropyridine derivatives (DHP)s has been developed. The PAA was prepared by ring-opening polyaddition of aromatic fluorinated tetracarboxylic dianhydrides and diamines. The PSPI-precursor was capable to resolve a 2-μm width pattern when a 10 μm-thick film was used. Fabrication of optical waveguides by a simple patterning process using the PSPI is also described. PSPI is directly patterned by UV exposure and wet chemical development, avoiding use of photoresist. By using the standard cut back method, optical propagation losses were found to be as low as 0.4 dB/cm at 1.55 μm.
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Ken-ichi Okamoto
Article type: scientific monograph
Subject area: Infomation Science
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
247-254
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Two types of novel sulfonated diamines bearing sulfonic acid groups directly bonded to polyimide main chains (main-chain type) or in the side alkoxy chains (side-chain type), and the corresponding sulfonated polyimides were successfully synthesized. Water vapor sorption, proton conductivity σ, methanol permeability
PM, membrane stability toward hot water, and size change with water uptake of the sulfonated polyimide membranes were investigated. The membranes of sulfonated polyimides prepared on the basis of the proper molecular design showed much better water stability and higher proton conductivity compared with the conventional polyimides based on 2,2'-benzidinedisulfonic acid. They also displayed the higher ratio of σ over
PM than Nafion 117 membrane. They might have potential for polymer electrolyte fuel cell and methanol direct fuel cell applications.
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Sayaka Miake, Jun Kato, Yusa Muroya, Yosuke Katsumura, Takashi Yamashi ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
255-260
Published: 2003
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Photophysical processes of polyimides with biphenyl moieties were investigated. Intra- and intermolecular charge transfer absorptions were calculated by subtracting absorptions of partially aliphatic polyimides from a fully aromatic polyimide. The absorptions due to the intra- and inter-molecular charge transfer are observed around 400 nm, which is the origin of the color of polyimides. Charge transferred fluorescence with large Storks shift was observed for aromatic polyimides, while fluorescence from a local excited state was observed for a partially aliphatic polyimide. T-T absorption of the model compound was observed at 460 nm with lifetime of 20 μs, suggesting that the triplet state may be of locally excited, which is explained by the π-π nature of the S
1 state.
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Baijun Liu, Wei Hu, Zhenhua Jiang, Toshihiko Matsumoto
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
261-262
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Yoshiyuki Oishi, Shu Onodera, Jan Oravec, Kunio Mori, Shinji Ando, Yos ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
263-266
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Kun-Li Wang, Mitsutoshi Jikei, Masa-aki Kakimoto
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
267-268
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Hitoshi Furusho, Hisae Miyamoto, Katsumi Chikama, Hisato Hayashi, Yuki ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
269-272
Published: 2003
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Hagane Irikura, Yoshio Hasegawa, Yoshikazu Takahashi
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
273-276
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Tsutomu Nakagawa, Shusaku Tomoi, Kohei Goto
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
277-278
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Takayuki Uemura, Toshiyuki Oyama, Masao Tomoi, Hiroshi Itatani
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
279-284
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Kousuke Tsuchiya, Yuji Shibasaki, Masato Suzuki, Mitsuru Ueda
Article type: scientific monograph
Subject area: Infomation Science
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
285-286
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Kazuya Ebara, Yuji Shibasaki, Mitsuru Ueda
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
287-292
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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A novel chemically amplified photosensitive poly (benzoxazole) (
PBO) precursor based on partially
tert-buthoxycarbonylated (
t-BOC) poly (
o-hydroxyamide) having norbornene end-capping groups
5 and diphenyliodonium-9, 10-dimethoxyantracene-2-sulfonate (
DIAS) as a photo-acid generator has been developed. The resist showed a sensitivity of 60 mJ cm
-2 and a contrast of 2.5 when it was exposed to 365 nm light, followed by post-baking at 120°C for 5min and developing with 2.38 wt% aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution at 25°C. A fine positive image featuring 10μm line and space patterns was obtained on the film exposed to 100 mJ cm
-2 of UV-light at 365 nm by the contact mode. By heat treatment at 350°C for 1h, this positive image gave the cross-linked
PBO retaining its original shape that indicated high durability during thermal process.
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Atsushi Kimoto, Jun-Sang Cho, Kimihisa Yamamoto
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
293-294
Published: 2003
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Jun-Sang Cho, Atsushi Kimoto, Toyohiko Nishiumi, Kimihisa Yamamoto
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
295-296
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Takashi Kurata, Yong-Jin Pu, Junji Kido, Hiroyuki Nishide
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
297-298
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Kenichi Fukuoka, Masahide Matsuura, Masakazu Funahashi, Hiroshi Yamamo ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
299-302
Published: 2003
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Highly Efficient EL devices were obtained by the use of new electron transport materials. The efficiency over 15 cd/A was achieved in the light blue region. Furthermore, the driving voltage dramatically decreased, and the luminance of 307 nit was measured at a very low voltage of 3.5 V. As a result, the peak luminous efficiency of 13 1lm/W was successfully obtained at a luminance of 307 nit.
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Shuji Doi, Chizu Sekine, Yoshiaki Tsubata, Masato Ueda, Takanobu Noguc ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
303-308
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Various kinds of conjugated polymers of arylene vinylene and arylene units have successfully been synthesized. They are suitable for light-emitting materials of PLED. Although some of them showed blue emission, they are not sufficient for practical displays. We have been researching on blue polymers and developed some novel blue polymers.
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Mitsunori Suzuki, Shizuo Tokito, Motoaki Kamachi, Kourou Shirane, Fumi ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
309-314
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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We demonstrate white light emission from polymer light-emitting devices (PLEDs) that are based on phosphorescent polymers consisting of a carbazole unit and a blue or red emitting Ir complex unit. The PLED using red phosphorescent polymer (RPP) or blue phosphorescent polymer (BPP) emitted blue (λ=476 nm) or red (λ=620 nm) light which is assigned to radiative relaxation from the triplet state of Ir complex units. High external quantum efficiencies of 6.5%, and 6.9% were obtained in the blue and red PLEDs, respectively. To make the white PLED, both BPP and RPP were used for the emissive layer, and the emission color was tuned by controlling the concentration ratio of both phosphorescent polymers. CIE coordinates of (0.34, 0.36) and external quantum efficiency of 6.0% were obtained at 100 cd/m
2. This efficiency is the highest value in organic white-light-emitting devices.
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Takeshi Matsushita, Manabu Uchida
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
315-316
Published: 2003
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Tatsuo Mori, Daisuke Fujishima, Kenta Hosoi, Teruyoshi Mizutani, Takak ...
Article type: scientific monograph
Subject area: Infomation Science
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
317-322
Published: 2003
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We synthesized two kinds of poly(9,9-diochtylfluorene) (PDOF) with different molecular weight distribution. One is PDOF with low weight molecular component (PDOF-
l) and the other is PDOF with high molecular component (PDOF-
h). The latter showed twice higher PL efficiency than the former. We investigated PL spectra and EL properties of the blended specimens of two PDOFs. The increase in PDOF-
l content reduced PL intensity, conduction current at a constant voltage, and EL efficiency. We suggested the model due to excimer formation caused by the degree of freedom in motion of edge groups.
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Masayoshi Suzuki, Hiromoto Sato, Atsushi Sawada, Shohei Naemura
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
323-328
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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Liquid crystal materials with negative dielectric anisotropy have been successfully applied to light emitting diode. Even for a nematic phase, the Fredericks transition was avoided under such strong electric field that emission could be observed. Three colors (R, G, B) have been obtained by doping corresponding dye material. The possibility of ionic transport mechanism together with charge transport mechanism is discussed.
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Akiko Seki, Musubu Ichikawa, Naotoshi Suganuma, Yuji Tanaka, Toshiki K ...
2003 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
329-334
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2004
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We describe detailed analysis and optimization of the photopumped organic polymer distributed Bragg reflector laser having polymer grating fabricated using a replica molding method, which is an imprinting technology often called “soft lithography”, whose advantage is much less damage to materials. After the optimization, the laser oscillation threshold of only 0.6 μJ/cm
2 was achieved. This threshold is comparable to that of organic DFB lasers with a quartz grating precisely fabricated using photolithography and dry etching. While glass was used as a substrate in this study, plastic substrates are also available. In near future, flexible low-threshold organic laser will be demonstrated.
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