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Volume 20 (1978)
- Issue 4 Pages 155-
- Issue 3 Pages 105-
- Issue 2 Pages 51-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 20, Issue 1
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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OSAMU IWATA1978 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 1-6
Published: June 30, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe subjects were 132 female undergraduates. They were asked to fill out two questionnaires of crowding in which they had to tell the maximum number of other people with whom they thought they could share a room without feeling uncomfortable. Significant personal attributes of crowding were familiarity, ethnicity, sex, age, social status, criminality, feeble-mindedness, handicappedness, likability, and similarity. Simulated personal space data were obtained by a paper-and-pencil test. Interpersonal distance was measured with a fixed tape measure in the face-to-face situation. Interpersonal distance but not simulated personal space had significantly negative and substantially low relationship to crowding.View full abstractDownload PDF (476K) -
I. THE CASE IN WHICH ALL EMPIRICAL PAIRWISE ORDERINGS ARE INDEPENDENT-THEORYYOSHIO TAKANE1978 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 7-17
Published: June 30, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA maximum likelihood estimation procedure is developed for nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) which applies to the situation in which all empirical pairwise orderings of dissimilarities are assumed to be independent. The proposed method, while formulated within Thurstonian framework, does not presuppose initial unidimensional scaling of “observed” distances. Rather, the original nonmetric data (which are the set of empirical ordinal relations on the dissimilarities between stimuli) are directly related to the representation model (which is a distance function of some form) through a single optimization criterion based on the maximum likelihood principle.View full abstractDownload PDF (805K) -
MASAKO JITSUMORI1978 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 18-28
Published: June 30, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPigeons were trained to discriminate between two wavelengths with a yes/no procedure. Post-discrimination gradients ranging between the training wavelengths (420-470, 470-520, 520-570 and 570-650nm) were obtained for four groups. The sum of the differences between the choice probabilities at adjacent wavelengths was assumed as a measure of the rate of change in apparent color, and a wavelength discrimination function ranging from 430 to 640 nm was obtained. The function was compared with the functions obtained recently with different methods and showed that the wavelength discrimination was best at 450, 500-510, 530-540 and 600 nm spectral regions. The findings were related to generalization gradients, color-naming data and physiological data.View full abstractDownload PDF (898K) -
TAKESHI SUGIMURA1978 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 29-38
Published: June 30, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments I and II showed that (a) in 3-yr.-olds the sorting was not facilitated by the pretraining, (b) in 4-yr.-olds the sorting was facilitated when the same instances were used for the pretraining and the sorting tasks while it was not facilitated when the different instances were used, and (c) the facilitating effect was obtained for 6- and 7-yr.-olds under both pretrainings. Further experiments examined the possible sources of the inefficacy of pretraining with the different instances in 4-yr.-olds. Experiment III suggested that children could do produce the concept names but could not use them effectively in the sorting. Experiment IV showed that the direct instruction to use the concept names was highly effective for the sorting and the indirect hint was effective only when the pretraining had been given. The findings were discussed with reference to the production and utilization of the concept names in the sorting.View full abstractDownload PDF (772K) -
MASATO ISHIDA1978 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 39-44
Published: June 30, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo test the reinforcement-level view on the basis of the stimulus-continuum assumption, performance due to a shift of the reward delay was investigated. The groups were designated: 30-0, 0-30, 30-30, and 0-0, where the first numeral in each case indicated the length of delay (30 sec or immediate) in the Preshift phase, and the second, in the Postshift phase. All groups were trained under 53.3% partial reinforcement during acquisition and extinguished in a straight alley. No evidence of negative and positive contrast effects were found: 30-0 and 0-30 finally approximated the levels of their control groups (0-0 and 30-30) in Postshift and even in extinction. These results were inconsistent with the prediction from the hypotheses, and suggest the difference of dimension between reward delay and reward magnitude.View full abstractDownload PDF (444K) -
TAKAO SUZUKI, YO MIYATA1978 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 45-49
Published: June 30, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of incremental stimulus intensity on the habituation and return of the skin resistance response (a component of the orienting response) was investigated, using humans as subjects. On habituation trials, two groups, one with gradually increasing intensity stimuli (G-Gr.) and the other with constant low intensity stimuli (L-Gr.), showed smaller response amplitudes than a group with the constant high intensity stimuli (H-Gr.) or the fourth group (R-Gr.) with the same intensity stimuli as G-Gr. but in a random order. On test trials, G-Gr. showed the smallest amount of responding among the four groups. The results were discussed in relation to Sokolov's neuronal model theory of the orienting response, and to Groves and Thompson's dual-process theory of habituation.View full abstractDownload PDF (395K)
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