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Volume 33 (1991)
- Issue 4 Pages 145-
- Issue 3 Pages 103-
- Issue 2 Pages 53-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 33, Issue 1
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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AKIRA OHTA1991 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: February 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAfter an extradimensional shift from auditory successive discrimination to visual one where one of the original discriminative stimuli was continuously present (the incidental stimulus), retention of the original auditory discrimination was assessed. In Experiment 1, after the auditory discrimination in Phase 1, rats learned the visual discrimination in Phase 2 with one of the original auditory discriminative stimuli as the incidental stimulus. When they returned to the auditory discrimination in Phase 3, they immediately relearned the original discrimination but showed retardation in acquiring its reversal. In Experiment 2, rats received nondifferential reinforcement training on the visual stimuli in Phase 2 with one of the original auditory discriminative stimuli continuously present. They showed immediate relearning of the original discrimination in Phase 3. In Experiment 3, immediate relearning of the original discrimination and retarded tendency to acquire its reversal were comparable in Phase 3 whether after visual discrimination in Phase 2 with one of the original auditory discriminative stimuli as the incidental one or after simple maintenance in the home cages in Phase 2. These results were discussed in terms of transition in stimulus function between reinforcement prediction and occasion-setting.View full abstractDownload PDF (839K) -
Are onomatopoeias associated with more concrete images?TOMOYOSHI INOUE1991 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 11-17
Published: February 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments were conducted to investigate the mnemonic activity of young children and its relationships to the materials to be memorized. Thirty preschoolers were asked to remember one of the two kinds of 10-word list. The subjects who heard the 10 words in the form of onomatopoeias performed better in both free recall and recognition tasks than those who heard them in the form of ordinary common nouns, which was interpreted to indicate that an onomatopoeia might be associated with the more concrete image compared with an ordinary common noun. Another 30 children of the same age were required to arouse either an auditory or visual image of a particular referent as each word of the same 10-word list was presented, instead of being told to remember. These incidental learning conditions turned out to be superior to the intentional memory condition, suggesting that it was more effective for young children to develop some kinds of imagery of each referent than to be asked just to remember individual words.View full abstractDownload PDF (563K) -
TETSUMI MORIYAMA1991 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 18-29
Published: February 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree experiments were carried out to determine whether initial imprinting to an artificial object wears off when a Peking duckling (Anas platyrkynchos) is later exposed to a conspecific. Two groups of ducklings (groups I and P) were studied. The ducklings in group I had no social contact except during experimental sessions, whereas those of group P did. Experiment 1 showed that the effect of social contact on the ducklings' subsequent responses to the original object was not significant. Experiment 2 showed that the shaped and maintained operant response rate to the imprinting object decreased sharply in ducklings from both groups when the conspecific was used as a contingent event. Experiment 3 showed that ducklings from both groups preferred the imprinting object over the conspecific in a simultaneous choice situation. Furthermore, when the imprinting object was not presented, the ducklings from group I avoided the conspecific, while those from group P approached it. These results indicated that the initial imprinting to an artificial object does not wear off even if ducklings are later exposed to the natural conspecific and establish some preference for it, supporting the primacy effect in imprinting.View full abstractDownload PDF (1008K) -
TAKAHISA YAMAUCHI1991 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 30-41
Published: February 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study investigates interpersonal attitudes in relationship to cooperation of the sighted and the visually handicapped. Two types of cooperation-with distributed responses (DC) and without distributed responses (NC)-were used as the experimental condition. Ten pairs of sighted and blind students cooperated under DC and 12 pairs cooperated under NC. The main results:(1) The sighted changed their attitudes positively not only toward their partners but also toward the blind in general after cooperation under DC and NC.(2) Though the blind changed their attitudes positively not only toward their partners but also toward the sighted in general after cooperation under DC and NC, these effects were less remarkable than the changing attitudes of the sighted.(3) On the follow-up test attitudes of the sighted and the blind toward partners under DC were more positive than under NC.(4) The sighted under DC rated contribution of their partners higher than those under NC. Effect of cooperation on attitude change concerning perceptual clarity of the members' role in the two types of cooperation is discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (938K) -
YUKIHIRO SAWADA, KEN-ICHI YAMAKOSHI1991 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 42-47
Published: February 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEight male normotensive, undergraduate students participated as subjects in blood pressure (BP) biofeedback training of two, 12-min periods. BP was measured continuously using the vascular unloading method (Yamakoshi, Shimazu, & Togawa, 1980), and the BP information was fed back to the subject on a beat-to-beat basis. They were trained to control either their systolic or diastolic BP in both upper and lower directions. Training was successful in five subjects for BP raising (3 for systolic and 2 for diastolic) and in one subject for BP lowering (diastolic). Although it is too early to draw a firm conclusion at present, from one simple experiment, the vascular unloading method appears to be feasible to BP biofeedback researchers in future studies. A possible mechanism of target BP changes, in addition, is discussed based on sonic physiological data obtained from simultaneous recordings. The possibility of applying a nonparametric randomization test for a single subject to the present data is also considered.View full abstractDownload PDF (406K) -
Effects of frequency of intermittent stimuliFUMIKO MATSUDA1991 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 48-52
Published: February 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA longitudinal study was carried out to cofirm the effects of frequency of intermittent stimuli on duration estimation in young children which had previously been found in a crosssectional experiment. The findings of the present study were in full accord with those previously found, that is, (a) the duration accompanied by intermittent sounds, of which the frequency was 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 s-1, was estimated longer when the frequency of the sound was higher, and (b) the effect stated in (a) was optimal at the age of six while below that age the effect was less conspicuous and weaker.View full abstractDownload PDF (306K)
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