The purpose of this report is to indicate the change of water levels and the lost water level of the trap seal as the change of pneumatic pressure raising in the drain acted. We showed first that the change of pneumatic pressure in the drain was an irregular osillation, next, examined the model J tube could use for the model of the P trap and the propriety of the mathematical models by the experiments. Then, we showed the results of simulations as given the sinusoidal wave and the half-period sine pluse to the trap seal and examined the reasonance phenomenon and the broken seal.

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The paper describes simulated load calculation made in an attempt to establish appropriate outdoor conditions for use in heating design by the use of the periodic steady state method. Conditions for Model-based Computation The models were prepared assuming ordinary office rooms in buildings located in Tokyo. Models were made to represent rooms facing north, east, south, west and all the four directions. Using these models, computations were made for nine seasons from December 1960 to March 1969. Determination of Load Sequence At the outset, load computation was made. Based on the computed loads, sequential numbers were given to all days in the descending order of volume of daily max. loads. The load on the 27th day from the top of the list (corresponding to the last day in the top 2.5% group of days) was adopted as "Design Heating Load." Assumption of Design Outdoor Conditions Daily heat loads on days in top group were summed up and averaged and the number of days involved were counted repetitively in order to see how many days from the top of the list must be considered if their average heat loads are to be equated to "Design Heating Load." According to "Climatic Pattern Classification," all the selected days were sorted into "Fine," "Cloudy" and other patterns. Thereafter, the weather data were processed to obtain every hourly and pattern-sorted average data. From these average data, values applicable to a period during 10:00 AM on the previous day through 9:00 AM on the given day were selected, combined and assumed as design outdoor conditions. In both fine-day and cloudy-day patterns, those values were found to exemplify inherent features of typical fine and cloudy days. In each pattern, the temperatures and humidities thus obtained turned out larger than the TAC-established values. Computation for Design Next, max. loads were computed by the periodic steady state calculation method using the aforesaid design outdoor conditions and the computed data was compared with the said design heating loads. Table 12 shows comparison of those two types of loads. Also shown for reference purpose are values computed using TAC 2.5% (in terms of both temperatures and humidities) in which solar radiation is neglected. Obviously, different outdoor conditions must be applied to rooms having different orientations. Use of TAC-established values which are on the safe side in every respect is likely to result in over-estimated design loads. In order to establish design outdoor conditions which are more appropriate for the building conditions, efforts must be made to broaden the scope of studies to cover a greater range of building requirements.

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It is well known that the rough surfaces absorb more incident radiative energy than the smooth surfaces. In urban regions the surface of the earth is rough due to buildings built on it. Therefore it is expected that the surface of the earth in the urban regions has special absorption properties for solar radiation. To consider the absorption properties a simple model of the surface is used. The model is the surface on which rectangular parallelepipeds with square horizontal cross sections are laied out regularly at right angles. In the previous paper, reported by authors, the absorption properties of the model rough surfaces for sky radiation were discussed. Since sky radiation is diffusive, the absorption properties for sky radiation are determined only by the conditions of the rough surfaces. On the other hand direct solar radiation is directional and the absorption of it is affected by the direction of the radiation. Therefore absorption properties for direct solar radiation are more complex than for sky radiation. But the amount of energy contained in direct solar radiation is the greater part of solar energy on the earth. Thus it is essential for the consideration as to the absorption of solar radiation to clarify the absorptivities for direct solar radiation. In this paper the absorption properties of the model rough surfaces for direct solar radiation are calculated and discussed. It is shown that the absorption properties change considerably due to the incident angles of the radiation and the geometries of the surfaces. The changing patterns of the absorption properties due to the incident angles are classified into three basic types according to the geometric factors of the surfaces. The absorptivities of the rough surfaces for solar radiation change with time, because direction of solar radiation is a function of time. Therefore mean absorptivities over a whole day, considering the change of the location of the sun with time, are calculated. It is expected that the mean absorptivities change seasonaly, because direction of solar radiation changes seasonaly. Thus the mean absorptivities are calculated at the representative days in a year; the winter solstice, the vernal (autumnal) equinox day and the summer solstice. The absorptivities at the vernal equinox day lie between at the winter and summer solstices, namely they are average values in a year. It is noticeable that absorptivities for sky radiation, discussed in the previous paper, are nearly equal to those at the vernal equinox day. For the open rectangular two dimensional cavities, which are the special forms of the model rough surfaces, absorptivities for sky radiation are nearly equal to those at the vernal equinox day too. As a result average absorption properties of the model rough surfaces for direct solar radiation can be estimated by the diagrams for sky radiation shown in the previous paper.

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Two types of variation in heating operation are considered; the continuous heating which is operated all day long and the intermittent heating which is operated during occupied hours and not at night. The intermittent heating system can be found in most Japanese buildings. It demands less heating energy requirement, but the peak load at the warming-up time appeares which increases the capacity of the heating system. While the peak load decreases in the continuous heating system, the energy requirement increases so that the overall energy consumption for a heating season can not be saved. However, the continuous heating system is desirable for the improvement of the room condition in Hokkaido and also for the urban energy supply system which makes use of the exhaust thermal energy from an incinerator, a steam power station, and so on. At the early stage of this study, a practical way of calculation in search of their characteristics is mentioned, and the concrete calculation is done taking two existing buildings for example. Afterward the following result can be obtained; while the peak load in the continuous heating system decreases approximately by a third in comparison to the intermittent heating system, its energy requirement increases by ten percent approximately.

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In Part 1 and 2, studies were made on various miterbends with different bending angles and crosssectional areal ratios, and considerations were made on the mechanisms of pressure loss in real miter-bends by using the analytical and computed results of flow including separation at the convex corner, which are based on two-dimensional potential theory. As a result, it was reported that the detailed clarification of the complicated aspects of flow in real miter-bends such as a secondary flow, separation, reattachment, etc. is very important to industry. So, first in this report, the authors minutely observed flow patterns in miter-bends in laminar flow and compared computed and observed results of streamlines and the separation point on the wall upstream of the concave corner. Next, they measured pressure distributions of miter-bends, which were situated within the inlet length, in turbulent flow, and then showed the relation among the separation point on the wall upstream of the concave corner, bending angles, crosssectional areal ratios and Reynolds numbers. These measured results are compared with computed results. The obtained results are summarized as follows. First, in laminar flow: 1) It is shown by the observations of streamline flow patterns that flows in miter-bends are very complicated including separation, reattachment, eddy region formed by reversed flow, and a secondary flow. 2) The authors compared the computed and experimental results of streamlines in two-dimensional potential flow and of the separation point on the wall upstream of the concave corner, and both results agreed fairly well. Next, in turbulent flow: 3) The measured results of pressure distributions and the results observed by using flow visualization method show that flow patterns in miter-bends in turbulent flow are similar to those in laminar flow. 4) The separation point on the wall upstream of the concave corner is computed and compared with the experimental results. Both results coincide fairly well when the section upstream of the concave corner is long and the Reynolds number is large.

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This paper presents a report on the fundamental experiment for a method to predict energy consumption in air conditioning facility. In this study, the design of experiments employed orthogonal allocation adopting orthogonal array L_<32> (2^<31>). And a numerical experiment by computer simulation was conducted as the experiment. In the factor array plan, the allocation in which interaction effects are emphasized was employed, and 9 factors were selected among building factors, room environment factors, operation factors, system factors acting on energy consumption for which 2 levels were provided respectively. Taking annual, seasonal and monthly characteristic values of 50 items in total such as energy consumption, room load, equipment load, various efficiency, environment index., as the experiment characteristic values, the significant characteristics of each factor were examined.

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This paper reports the estimation of effects of each significant factor and the possibility to establish a simplified calculate model for various characteristic values based on the variance analysis of various characteristic values relating to energy consumption in air conditioning facility introduced in the No.1 Report. By F-test, it was found that interaction effects between factors having significant difference were limited to small numbers of the combination unexpectedly of which main items were heat source system, perimeter air conditioning system, operation schedule and set room temperature/humidity. The simplified calculate model could be expressed by about 10 problems containing additions and subtractions. The errors of the estimated values against the absolute calculated value showed less than 5% approximately for each characteristic value, while, that for annual energy consumption showed less than 2.5% approximately.

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Our previous report presented the radiation effect by a gravity type cooling and heating unit hung at perimeter window-side ceiling. This report, as an extension to the former, deals with the experimental test results obtained when the same unit is operated in combination with a ceiling air diffuser. The following contents cover specific findings of the effects upon the unit's cooling/heating capacities, air flow pattern and temperature distribution by the combination. The outline of the findings is briefed as follows: 1. Re the effect upon the unit's basic capacities, a range of +20% thru -30% variations were observed depending upon the type of air diffuser applied, the air flow direction, and cooling or heating cycle. 2. No practical ill-effect was found on air distribution by the combined use of gravity unit and air diffuser. 3. The said combination did not affect the temperature distribution. 4. Due to the cooled wall surfaces in the room by the air flow from air diffuser, the unit's radiation effect reduced slightly by 2〜3kcal/m^2・h.

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In case of locating an Opened Heated-Storage Tank on the bottom of a building, the thermal emission for its demand necessitates to pump up a kind of medium from the bottom tank to the emitters set above. With the plan of the building, the head office of Kyushu Denko Co. (Kyushu Electrical Installation Co., Ltd.), an attempt was made of installing the two small sub-tanks on the top of the building, besides the main tank referred above and of separating the load circuit from the open source one as a closed circulation circuit. The actual results on performance have been acquired since April 1976, when the building was completed; nearly for more than a year. Putting aside the merits and demerits and features of this system, as mentioned below, a consideration is made here regarding the economic advantage of this attempt on the relation between the total load charged through a year (or a season) and various factors such as the building height, the special mid-night power charge, the maximum power demand, the heating-cooling capacity, the heat-storage capacity, the coefficient of storage performance, the power charge for pumps and the power charge for the heat source. In this building all of the heat source is provided with an airsource screw-typed heat-pump system only; that is a Total Electric Air Conditioning System. Approximately speaking, therefore, it is possible to apply a proportional equation between the load and the heat source or power charge. This paper will prove to be helpful, so far as the heat-pump system is efficient and if the economic comparison is available for deciding the capacity of a heating-cooling source and the storage quantity by taking the mid-night power charge and the maximum power demand into account.

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