Human thermal comfort largely depends on the thermal physiological state formed through heat transfer between the human and the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is important to clarify the characteristics of heat transfer distribution of the human body as well as those of skin temperature distribution for evaluating non-uniform thermal environments. Heat flow sensors and thermal manikins have been used to measure local heat losses of the human body. However, due to the complexity of the human body shape, heat flow sensors present difficulties when selecting where or how to attach them to the skin in order to obtain accurate repeatable data. With regard to the thermal manikin's measurement, as the local heat loss is dependent on the relationship between the thermal environment including the clothing and local skin temperature which was set on the surface of the thermal manikin, the skin temperature setting for the thermal manikin is very important. We proposed a measurement method of heat flow by use of the thermal manikin in the setting of the experiment. Generally thermal manikins have been used to measure skin temperature at constant heat flow, heat flow at the constant skin temperature or both heat flow and skin temperature by use of the comfort mode on the physical characteristics of the manikin. As we had already measured local skin temperatures for the human subjects in the first session of this study, the surface temperature of the thermal manikin was set at the same skin temperature for the local area, and the local heat flow was measured with the manikin in the same environmental conditions in the thermal booth in the climatic chamber. From the experiments. the following conclusions were obtained; 1) Local dry (sensible) heat loss changed depending on the environmental thermal non-uniformity, even if overall mean dry heat loss was kept at almost constant value. 2) Overall average dry heat loss is not always a sufficient index to express thermal comfort in a non-uniform thermal environment. It is essential to consider other factors like local sensible heat loss, mean skin temperature, local skin temperature, etc. along with the overall average dry heat loss. 3) Sensation of hot and discomfort in the forehead changed in accordance with both changes in local skin temperature and local dry heat loss. However, sensation of cold and discomfort in the dorsum of the foot changed depending on a single parameter only i.e., local skin temperature.

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This paper shows method of calculation of the ground temperature with ground water flow and its application. First, method of calculation of the thermal response surrounding cylindrical heat source in the ground with ground water advection is shown based on comparing the thermal response for the cylindrical heat source with the one for line source. Next, the method's preciseness is verified by comparing thermal response calculated by this method and numerical calculation on condition that two ground heat exchangers are used. In addition, the impact that the ground water flow effects performance of the GSHP system and installation advantage is examined with the developed tool including this method. As the results of simulation of the GSHP system operation and cost analysis in case where the GSHP system with single ground heat exchanger is installed to a residential house in Sapporo, it is shown the ground heat exchanger of 45m is reduced for calculated condition that the ground water velocity in all ground layer is 100m/year. This result indicates that considering the ground water flow for the design of the GSHP system contributes to the reduction of the initial cost of the GSHP system.

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The heat transfer which is very complex phenomenon is simply treated in the heat load calculation. Especially radiative heat transfer is represented by relationship between wall temperature and air temperature with radiative heat transfer coefficient. The radiative heat transfer coefficient is dealt as constant [4.7W/(m^2・K)] in most situations. However radiative heat transfer does not influence air temperature directly and the heat load calculation results may have some errors. Furthermore, the constant radiative heat transfer coefficient is not always applicable to various conditions. In this paper, evaluation method of radiative heat transfer coefficient based on CFD simulation was shown. The CFD simulations of office space were carried out and radiative heat transfer coefficient was evaluated. The following results were obtained. ・The radiative heat transfer coefficient has various values between from 3.4 to 5.4W/(m^2・K) ・The evaluated value under cooling condition is larger than the value under heating condition.

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In this paper, pressure loss, insertion loss and aerodynamic noise of straight type silencers with movable sound absorbers were clarified by experiment. Variable air volume dampers, which were formed from the sound absorber, were installed inside a straight type silencer. Moreover, airflow and sound characteristics of a single straight type silencer, a double straight type silencer and a triple straight type silencer with movable sound absorbers were examined and compared. In addition, pressure loss which were predicted by substitution method based on ISO7235, were described.

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This report describes the results from the questionnaire and detailed survey conducted in 2001〜2005. The 7 items of questionnaire included in facilities management, maintenance management, saving energy. So the 3 items of questionnaire included in zoological gardens, and the 4 having the facilities・maintenance management items included in botanical gardens. The number of facilities investigated by questionnaire survey counted for zoological gardens and botanical gardens about 127 in Japan. From the survey results, we discuss the tendency and characteristics about each item. This paper has emphasized the importance of in zoological gardens and botanical gardens.

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The authors have developed a Ground Source Heat Pump system that employs the cast-in-place concrete pile foundations of a building as heat exchangers in order to reduce the initial boring cost. In this system, some U-tubes are arranged around the surface of a cast-in-place concrete pile foundation. This paper reports the examination of new execution method in purpose of lowering initial cost. The method is as follows. First, some pipes are installed in the reinforced cage on the ground. Next, the reinforced cage sets to the pile hole, when connected with the first cage and the second cage; it connects also the pipe together. The pipe and the connected method being possible to use for this operation method, were examined with experiment. As a result, it understood that the high impact unplasticized vinyl chloride pipe (solvent glue) and the cross-linked polyethylene tube of metal coating for corrosion protection (mechanical type fitting) are suitable. When this execution method (the high impact unplasticized vinyl chloride pipe, solvent glue) was used, initial cost reached \6,153. This became approximately 60% cost decrease at the time of test application.

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Recently, it became possible to examine the details of ground surface elevation by laser measurement through the progress of aviation technology. Floor space was frequently used as an index to measure the size of buildings, but information concerning height was very poor. This research examined the actual building heights in Tokyo 23-wards by utilizing air plane laser measurement data. The space-weighted average of building and floor heights of Tokyo 23-wards was 16.2m and 4.1m respectively.

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