With the widespread use of water-saving toilets, the carrying performance of horizontal drainpipes, which carry wastewater from private sections to common sections of large buildings, is becoming less efficient. This is worrisome as less efficient carrying performance may lead to problems such as drainpipe blockage caused by stagnant waste in the drainpipes. The objective of this study is to understand how a follow-up flush of a toilet added to stagnant waste in a horizontal drainpipe affects the carrying performance of the horizontal drainpipe. Specifically, a waste substitute is stagnated in a large-diameter horizontal drainpipe, and a follow-up flush is applied from a toilet of water-saving type I or II using different amounts of water and different inflow condition with different drainpipe connection joint at a time. Thus, the influence of the follow-up flush on the carrying performance is observed, thereby facilitating in the identification of factors conducive to improving the carrying performance of the horizontal drainpipe.

Rainwater collected from the roof surface is expected to vary greatly in quality depending on the surrounding environment of the building, floor height, and roof-surface material. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the quality of the collected. The quality of rainwater related to meteorology is not the same as that after collection, and thus the information cannot be used directly. Therefore, the measurement was conducted on the tin roof of the house at the water collection site. The results show that the amount of precipitation of about 1 mm is enough to exclude the initial precipitation. It is considered that the water quality item, which is an index of precipitation and electrical conductivity, is the most easy to measure and　install.

The IFC specification developed by buildingSMART has been accepted as an ISO standard for building information modeling since March 2013. IFC data have been used directly in many projects. It is important to get the information about geometric shape and local placement of walls in heating and cooling load calculation and CFD simulation. In this article, according to the specification of IFC2x3, the tree structure of the IFC classes is illustrated, especially the information related to the geometric shape and local placement of the IfcProduct class. First, the IFC data of a sloped wall are exported by ArchiCAD. Then, the shape representation and local placement attributes of the IfcWall are exemplified. Next, the coordinates of vertexes of the sloped wall are calculated using the coordinate transformation matrix defined by the position attribute of the IfcAxis2Placement3D class, according to the attributions of SweptArea, ExtrudedDirection, and Depth of the IfcExtrudedAreaSolid. The local placement of the wall is calculated using the coordinate transformation matrices defined by the coordinate systems of the related building story and building, as well as the extruded direction. Finally, the calculated coordinates of vertexes of the sloped wall are confirmed with those modeled in the BIM software. Furthermore, care should be taken to ensure the precision of real numbers during the calculation. The IfcExtrudedAreaSolid is a typical shape-representation class in the IFC specification. And the proposed coordinate transformation method is available for the other shape-representation IFC entities, which will be helpful for the use of IFC data of building elements in heating and cooling load calculation and CFD simulation.

This study is aimed at evaluating energy performance through life cycle for an office building and obtaining effectiveness of energy evaluation. This paper shows the outline of the building, calculation results of the energy simulation in the planning, design, and construction phases, and the measurement results of the operation phase. The results show that energy evaluation through simulation using LCEM tools in the planning, design, and construction phases was effective for energy management.