The purpose of this paper is to offer the specific data for calculating the amount of heat exchange between the human body and environments by radiative heat transfer. Configuration factors between the naked human body and rectangular planes and effective radiation area factors of the naked human body for the following four body postures were measured: sideway sitting, leg-out sitting, lateral and supine postures. The results showed that the effective radiation area factor for the naked human body in the sideway sitting position was 0.613, the leg-out sitting position 0.642, the lateral position 0.722 and the supine position 0.792. Diagrams of configuration factors between the naked human body and rectangular planes were proposed for the combination of postures. The data of the following nine common body postures were compared: standing, chair sitting, seiza sitting, cross-legged sitting, sideway sitting, both-kneeserect sitting, leg-out sitting, lateral and supine postures, and the differences were clarified that it is notably influenced of postures. The configuration factors between the naked human body and rectangular planes showed clearly that it is strongly influenced in the length of median line and the size of the frontal plane that counter the surface of a wall.

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From the point of view of indoor air pollution, it is necessary to investigate systematically the emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural building materials. Especially, the emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural liquid materials were taken up and researched, because liquid materials such as paints or adhesives often cause troubles. As a result of this research, it was known that there were some types of aldehyde・ketone emissions after paintings of natural liquid materials. Pine resin, urushi, linseed oil and vegetable oil wax on the market showed typical 4 types of emissions, those were the simple emission controlled by a vaporization, the emission from a coating film, the emission accompanied by an oxidation and the emission accompanied by an oxidation with a time lag. The mechanisms of aldehyde・ketone emissions from these materials were discussed. For the forecasts of long term emissions from natural liquid materials, the considerations of these emission types are necessary.

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In order to evaluate the potential for energy saving and reduction of environmental loads in the commercial sector, we monitored the electricity consumption of installed appliances in two single rooms of an economy hotel during the period of March to September, 2003. The daily average electricity consumption per room was 3,426Wh in the Spring (April to June) and at 5,920Wh in the Summer (July to September). The electricity consumption of the air conditioners accounted for about 18% in May, and 58% in September of the totally used electricity. The average daily electricity consumption per empty room was found to be at a minimum in March (1,043Wh) and at its maximum in August (2,068Wh) during the period of March to September.

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This report describes the results from the questionnaire and detailed survey conducted in 2002 and 2003. The 15 items of questionnaire included in facilities management, maintenance management, saving energy,museum facilities. The number of museums investigated by questionnaire survey counted for about 220 museums in Japan. From the survey results, we discuss the tendency and characteristics about each item. This paper has emphasized the importance of having the facilities・maintenance management in museums.

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The aim of this paper is to discuss the advantages of developing a combination of buildings for CHP implementation in densely occupied urban areas. For this purpose, we suggest an energy supply system where one building installs a CHP system and delivers generated electricity and recovered steam to a neighboring building. Comparison of energy and economic performance of the system with those of a CHP system for individual buildings was carried out considering the current and future generation efficiency of CHP technology and characteristics in heat and electricity demand profile of buildings. The overall results showed that a combination of buildings could contribute to increase energy efficiency of urban areas due to two causes. First, a combination of buildings enables small-scale buildings, in which installation of a CHP system for individual buildings is economically infeasible, to receive energy supply from a CHP system as merit of scale makes it possible to efficiently recover initial investment increase for heat delivery pipelines. Second, a CHP system with a building combination can achieve higher efficiency for cooling energy supply compared with a CHP system for individual buildings by changing the system configuration according to the generation efficiency and waste heat recovery efficiency of the available CHP technology. With the current level of generation efficiency of CHP technology, with which waste heat utilization is important for energy savings, a system configuration using double-effect absorption chillers in a building on the demand side enhances waste heat utilization compared with CHP for individual buildings usually using only waste heat driven and direct fired gas absorption chiller/heaters. After fuel cells with a high generation efficiency and low heat recovery efficiency are available, a CHP system with a combination of buildings can achieve higher energy savings by centralizing the heat source systems of two buildings to an innovative CHP system integrating a fuel cell, heat pumps and chillers.

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Energy consumption in air-conditioner is a big portion for energy use in household and influenced by many factors. To improve the energy conservation, it is important to understand energy consumption of user peculiar condition. Although there is JRA standard used to evaluate seasonal performance in air-conditioner, but it is a technique for the maker side, to find air-conditioner characteristics under average conditions. This research aims to develop the technique which can evaluate the influence by each peculiarity from user. The program was made to simulate the operation of air-conditioner by taking the heating time as an example. The amount of energy consumption was calculated under various conditions. And the requirements that should be provided in evaluating energy consumption method were considered.

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