In rooms with large windows, the thermal environment tends to deteriorate owing to thermal radiation, cold draft, and vertical temperature difference during air-conditioned heating in winter. To improve the thermal environment near windows with low insulation performance, equipment such as perimeter fans and natural convection-type heaters are used. In this report, a calculation model of the airflow near a window surface with perimeter fans installed under the window is constructed to apply the vertical temperature distribution prediction model. The effectiveness of the calculation model is demonstrated by comparing it with experimental results to understand the effect of the cooled window on the upflow.

For simple positive pressure container construction for medical purposes, accessible and convenient ventilation fans have been adopted to facilitate rapid construction; however, the ability to maintain the recommended minimal indoor air pressure of 2.0–2.5 Pa and air change rate of 2–3 times/hr (T/hr) in these facilities remains unclear. This study examined the air change rate required to maintain the positive pressure in a 20-ft container with simple ventilation fans as well as the changes in the indoor pressure when the grilles were open or closed. Inverter fans that move small air volumes were adopted for ventilation with air change rates of 2–18 T/hr, and grilles in different positions were opened in coordination with the fans to measure the relationship between the positive pressure in the container construction and the air change rate. The results revealed that a minimal air change rate of 6 T/hr was required to maintain the indoor pressure of 2.0 Pa in an enclosed space. When the vents were open, because of pressure relief, a minimal air change rate of 12 T/hr was required to maintain the pressure of 2.0 Pa. Moreover, the pressure became lower the farther a measurement point was from the fans or the closer it was to the vent. The research results verified the minimal fan ventilation capacity required for a container facility as well as the relationship between the distance from the opening of a ventilation fan or a vent and indoor pressure.

The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) specification is an international standard for building information modeling (BIM). In this study, plumbing systems consisting of a domestic water system, drainage, and a vent system were designed by the BIM software Revit 2021. First, the IFC data of each system are exported by Revit. Thereafter, the pipes, fittings, and other plumbing fixtures, as well as the IFC-property sets of the water supply fixture unit, fixture unit, and the gradient for the drainage pipe are illustrated. Furthermore, the connection between a pipe and a toilet is exemplified, as well as the ports between these two elements. Finally, the conclusions of this study are presented, and directions for future research are discussed.