The Japanese Journal of Special Education
Online ISSN : 2186-5132
Print ISSN : 0387-3374
ISSN-L : 0387-3374
Volume 20, Issue 1
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
  • MASAO SEO
    Article type: Article
    1982 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 1-13
    Published: July 24, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is known that "Kanji" readers are easier than braille readers to understand homonymous "Kanji" words. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference between braille readers and "Kanji" readers to make them free recall homonymous "Kanji". The repports of this type of research have apparently not been published to date. Subjects are all students at the Tsukuba University. They are divided into braille reader group and "Kanji" reader group. And further each groups in classified in contact with "Kanji" as follows; 1. Braille group; A. Congenitally blind (14 students) B. Adventitiously blind (14 students) 2. Kanji group; C. Sighted (28 students) D. Partially sighted (39 students) The summary of the results is shown below; 1. The means of higher recall rates in "Kanji" group and Braille group are found in "Kanji" group, and the results by t-testing for the means of recall rates show 0.1 percent level of significance in all materials. 2. In four groups (A, B, C and D), the means of total number of words recalled are obtained: sighted; 101 words, partially sighted; 103 words, adventitiously blind; 80 words, congenitally blind; 69 words. 3. From the results described above, it seems to be right to consider that four ratios are 10; 10; 8; 7. 4. But there is no statiscally significance between sighted and partially sighted, also adventitiously blind and congenitally blind. 5. The ranking of reacll rates are C_≒_ D>B>A in all materials. 6. The strongest correlation to increase rate of recall is estimated that subjects had or not the experience using "Kanji". Further investigation is necessary, especially to investigate of the comprehension of homonymous "Kanji" in context.
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  • MARI NAKAMURA
    Article type: Article
    1982 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 14-26
    Published: July 24, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this paper was to program the teaching of negation in Japanese for the deaf and to apply the program to them. Prior to the programing, comprehension of negation was investigated in deaf children 10-11 years old and in hearing children 4-5 years old. The results showed that the deaf was lower performance than the normal aged 5, and as much as the normal aged 4. Therefore they needed the teaching of negation. The teaching program was designed on the basis of the frame of propositional logic. Sentence materials were pairs of positive and negative sentences. Relation between the positive and the negative was instructed; a negative sentence mentions all events except for one that the positive does. The teaching was carried through selecting pictures fit to a sentence meaning or sentences fit to a picture meaning. Subjects were six hearing impaired pupils. It took two hours to finish the teaching. A battery of evaluation tests was administered at three time intervals, before the teaching (Pre-Test), at the end of teaching (Post-Test), and three months after the teaching was completed (Follow-up-Test). The test was picture-multiple choice. Results; there was a significant difference in the performance between Pre-Test and Post-Test (t-test, p<0.05). And the difference was retained over a three-month interval. Thus it seemed that the teaching was effective for the deaf to be able to comprehend negation.
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  • TOSHIRO MIZUMACHI
    Article type: Article
    1982 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 27-33
    Published: July 24, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To clarify the structure of listners' attitudes towards stuttering children, the author had four rating groups (total 259 raters) rate the stuttering children and the non-stuttering children by means of semantic differential method. Factor analysis was applied to the rating results toward stuttering children by all rating groups, and ten factors were extracted as a result. These ten factors were interpreted as the factors of (1) nervous unsociableness, (2) sincere life attitudes, (3) modesty, (4) inconsistency, (5) scrupulosity, (6) dependency, (7) lack of flexibility, (8) poorness of scholastic attainments, (9) lack of creativity, and (10) adherence. Considering the higher percentage of the relative variance, nervous unsociableness and sincere life attitudes were observed as the most important factors among these. Then, these ten factors were corresponded to the relative rating results toward the stuttering children and the non-stuttering children obtained on each SD item. The result indicated that the stuttering children were much more positively rated than the non-stuttering ones by listners in the respect of three factors, such as sincere life attitudes, modesty, and scrupulosity. The problems to be left for future research are as follows: 1. As the present report deals only with the results of all rating groups, difference among four rating groups have to be examined. 2. In previous studies regarding listners' attitudes toward stuttering children, the procedure was to inquire into listners' images of a word, "stuttering" or "stuttering children" by means of semantic differential method. Therefore, the author intends to investigate, in future, how their images would be changed when listners encounter the real situation in which children are stuttering.
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  • NORIKO AMANO, TAKEHIKO SANO
    Article type: Article
    1982 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 34-40
    Published: July 24, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Ninety-six mentally retarded adolescents were asked to recall 16 words from 4 conceptual categories on 4 consecutive trials. On the first 2 trials, equal number of subjects were presented either a randomly organized list (random presentation) or a list which were organized into categories (blocked presentation). In both presentation condition, recall were free or constrained. On the last 2 trials, all subjects received a randomly organized list and recalled freely. Results indicated that subjects in the constrained condition recalled more than those in the free recall condition and blocked presentation fascilitated clustering. The experience with organized list increased the amount of correct recall and fascilitated clustering on later trials only when the same verbal materials were used.
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  • NORIYOSHI IDA
    Article type: Article
    1982 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 41-47
    Published: July 24, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to analyse results which the training of the letters with cards in Montessori style applied to moderate mentally retarded children. The letters of the alphabet which is unknown to subjects were used. The points examined were as follows: (1) Discrimination training on matching visual letters (exam 1). (2) Recognition of visual letters (exam 2). (3) Recognition of visual-auditory letters (exam 3). (4) Reproduction of visual letters (exam 4). (5) Reproduction of visual-auditory letters (exam 5). The results obtained were as follows: (1) The alphabetizing exercise may be useful for letter discrimination (exam 1). (2) The procedure of the visual-writing may be more effective than the visual (exam 2). (3) The visual recognition may be easier than the auditory (exam 3). (4) The procedure of the visual-writing may be more effctive than the visual (exam 4). (5) It seems that subjects are weak in auditory reproduction (exam 5). Normal children of similar MA level were apt to acquire higher scores in each task. Though cognitive motivation is required in Montessori system, materials and presentations should be devised in order to adapt subjects' psychological traits. The present study confirmed the effectiveness of Montessori approach.
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  • GIICHI MISAWA, TOSHIKAZU NAKATSUKASA, KAZUHIRO FUJITA, ATSUO HASHIMOTO
    Article type: Article
    1982 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 48-55
    Published: July 24, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Personal relations of 111 physically handicapped workers were investigated in relation to their personality traits at first, and then job factors, morale and other factors about the workers and their working places. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Their personal relations were closely related to personality traits such as deference, affiliation, abasement, nurturance and endurance. High score group of these personality traits showed better personal relations than low score group. According to discriminant analysis, three personali ty traits (deference, affiliation, endurance) discriminated between good personal relations and bad ones, and about 90% of subjects were correctly classified into either good or bad ones. 2. Following 8 factors which might have effects on their personal relations were investigated by using multiple regression analysis: job factors (job skills and knowledge, job satisfaction attitude to job, responsibility to job), molale, worker's age, degree of handicap, school career, working period, kinds of job, scale of working place. It was found that job factors and morale were more important factors to good personal relations than the others.
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  • HIROSHI YASUNAGA
    Article type: Article
    1982 Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 56-62
    Published: July 24, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to examine the hypothesis that conditioning the other behavior with reinforcers that have maintained the self-injurious behavior has the effects of making the self-injurious behavior per se decreased, its differentiation weakened, and the contrast-effect relieved because the self-injurious behavior of the retarded in this case is considered an operant which has been differentiated from other behaviors by their extinction and maintained by the contrast-effects. It was also hypothesized that if the potency of reinforcers contingent upon the self-injurious behavior was more weakly operated than that upon the other behavior, it would be decreased. The other behavior in this study was defined as a certain behavior, and gratifying the subject's demand and stopping the experimenter's orders to him were used as reinforcers. The result showed that the self-injurious behavior was decreased by delivering the same reinforcer as the one which modifyed the other behavior and by creating the difference between the potencies in terms of chaining.
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