The Japanese Journal of Special Education
Online ISSN : 2186-5132
Print ISSN : 0387-3374
ISSN-L : 0387-3374
Volume 23, Issue 4
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
  • YOSHINORI MURAKAMI
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages 1-15
    Published: March 29, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In hemophilia, the most common problem is that of spontaneous hemorrhages into various joints, most often the elbows, the knees and the ankles. Hemophilic intraarticular bleeding recurs in a particular joint. Bleeding in a joint seriously damages the adjacent tissue, and causes joint contracture, muscule weakness and joint instability. Joint instability may cause further bleeding, resulting in a vicious cycle and chronic arthropathy. The hemophilic patient becomes limited in his daily activities with deterioration of the joints. For many hemophilic patients, the vicious cycle of hemophilic intraarticular bleeding begins at adolescence. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between physical growth and hemophilic intraarticular bleeding. The subjects were five adolescent hemophilic patients (four cases, hemophilia A; one case, hemophilia B) ranging from 8 to 15 years old. The major findings were as follows: (1) The frequency of hemophilic intraarticular bleeding increases with age. In addition, bleeding tends to concentrate on a particular joint. (2) The increase in the frequency of and the concentration on a particular joint of hemophilic intraarticular bleeding appeared to be divided into two types: sudden and gradual. (3) The most remarkable increase and concentration of hemophilic intraarticular bleeding appeared in the year after height (cm/yr) increased the most. (4) Bleeding patterns differed in the two types of onset, particularly in the 10 days preceding severe hemorrhage. In the year when the increase and concentration of bleeding was the most remarkable, the frequency of mild bleeding in other regions increased 3 or 4 days before severe hemorrhage in gradual type onset. In addition, we discussed the mechanisms of the development of the vicious cycle of hemophilic intraarticular bleeding during adolescence. The movements and actions of the human body are performed with the coordination of the functional units consisting of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. During adolescence, all skeletal and muscular systems take part in the growth spurt, though not to an equal degree. Coordination of the functional units is distorted by an unbalance in physical growth. It may be that a distortion in coordination is closely relate to the development of the vicious cycle of hemophilic intraarticular bleeding. Moreover, during adolescence, the distortion of the coordination of the functional units is accelerated with mild bleeding. As a result, severe hemorrhage may occur.
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  • FUMIO NAKAYAMA
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages 16-27
    Published: March 29, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study was to attempt an analysis of communication in the classroom in order to clarify the basic structure of the teaching-learning process in education for the mentally retarded. For this purpose, data was obtained from 3 classes in a special school for the mentally retarded and from 3 special classes for the mentally retarded, focusing on communication processes in the classroom. The main results were as follows: 1) Such interaction categories as learning movement, explanation, modeling movement, simple response, giving directions, asking questions and facilitating movement were found frequently in both classroom activities. 2) There was a high ratio of teacher's words compared to pupil's words indicating a teacher-centered teaching process such as the so-called explanation-question-simple response teaching pattern led by the teacher. 3) It was also found that the pupil's learning activities were prompted not by words but by movements in a question-response manner although the teacher always combined words with modeling movements. This tendency was more conspicuous with the seriousness of the intellectual handicap of the pupil.
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  • TOSHIAKI KONNO, TSUGUAKI SUDO
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages 28-36
    Published: March 29, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Problem solving requires a person not only to retain information, but also operate on it and transfer it to long term memory (LTM) for the later stages of problem solving. This paper discusses the hypothesis that if more information can be transmitted then there is a better chance of solving the problem. Since there were no research studies based on this hypothesis for hearing impaired children and normal children, we carried out two experiments. In one, Wickelgren's "6 arrow problem" was used to analyze the process of problem solving. Another task was used to assess the ability to process verbal information. The ability of individual subjects to transfer information was measured by immediate free (serial) recall. It is well known that primary and recency effects emerge in immediate free (serial) recall tasks, and that the primary effect is composed of output from LTM. There were 27 normal subjects and 5 hearing impaired children as subjects. In this paper the recall of serial position, especially primary position, was tried as an index of the ability of the individual to transfer information. We examined whether good performance in the memory task correlated with good performance in the problem solving task. The results of the experiment on normal subjects were analyzed by G-P analysis. The subjects divided into two groups, those good at recall and those poor at recall at primary position (serial input position 1-3). Those who showed a good performance at primary position were significantly better at problem solving than the other subjects. Subjects who hearing impaired performed better in the problem solving task when recall was good for the primary and middle items of a series.
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  • SHIGERU NARITA
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages 37-44
    Published: March 29, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This article discussed methodological issues in research studies using single-subject experimental designs. Examples of different single subject designs employed in applied clinical research are presented and reviewed. Practical issues and problems arising during the execution of research are highlighted. Issues discussed involve internal and external validity that help experimenters determine whether a change in behavior has value for one subject or generalizability for other subjects. Internal validity refers to research design and experimental control, analysis of date, and reliability. One problem occurs when the experimenter fails to provide ample internal replications of the treatment. Another problem is related to the selection of an inappropriate research design. Analysis of data is applied to the stable trend in baseline, and the change in response to the introduction or withdrawal of treatment. External validity, on the other hand, is concerned with clinical significance and generality of the findings. The clinical significance is evaluated from social validation: normative and subjective evaluation. Statements about generalization can be made when specific replications are used. The author suggests guidelines for solving methodological problems and for avoiding their recurrence in single-subject research designs.
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages 45-50
    Published: March 29, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (712K)
  • [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1986 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages 51-58
    Published: March 29, 1986
    Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (829K)
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