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Volume 32 (1994)
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Volume 32, Issue 4
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Tohru FUKUSHIMA, Yoshiki TOMINAGAArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 1-9
Published: January 31, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study investigates the relation between therapists' helping types during motor action training, and changes in the electromyographic patterns of a client with cerebral palsy. The client was a 10-year-old male with spastic quadriplegia; he was unable to maintain a sitting posture. Twenty-nine therapists-15 with more experience and 14 with less-participated in the sessions. During training, electromyographic data were recorded from the following muscles; biceps brachii, triceps brachii, trapezius (Pars inferioris), erector spinae, and rectus femoris. Each training session was videotaped, and items categorizing each individual's helping type were scored later by a time sampling method and a rating scale method. Statistical analysis of the items showed two factors that were correlated with changes in the client's electromyographic patterns: therapist's mental attitude and therapist's technique. Those therapists with a good mental attitude and skilled technique brought out more desirable change in the client's electromyographic patterns than did other therapists. It was also found that therapists with skilled technique but a 'poor mental attitude produced less desirable patterns than those with less skilled technique and a poor mental attitude. Helping factors for motor action training were discussed in terms of these results.View full abstractDownload PDF (861K) -
Yoshio NARUKAWAArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 11-19
Published: January 31, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to investigate attitudes toward people with mental retardation, and the relation of these attitudes to contact, gender, and knowledge. Subjects were 136 high school students, 172 junior college and university students, and 161 post-university-age adults. There were approximately the same number of male and female subjects. The subjects were asked to answer a 40-item questionnaire concerning mental retardation, in which items were to be rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Five scales of attitudes toward people with mental retardation were developed based on the result of a multidimensional analysis. They were "practical goodwill", "affirmation of ability", "integration in the classroom", "integration in the community", and "ideal goodwill". The results were as follows: (1) Having had contact with people with mental retardation was found to be related to high positive attitudes on the "practical goodwill" and "integration in the community" scales. But no significant relation was found between contact and attitudes on the other three scales. (2) Females held more favorable attitudes toward people with mental retardation than did males on all the attitude scales. (3) A positive relation was found between accurate knowledge of the etiology of mental retardation, and attitudes toward people with mental retardation on the scales of "practical goodwill", "integration in the classroom", and "integration in the community".View full abstractDownload PDF (1063K) -
Hideo NAGAOArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 21-28
Published: January 31, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study investigated 204 outpatients with epilepsy in terms of accidents accompanied by seizures, to clarify points that should be considered so that patients with epilepsy could have safe and active lives. Six cases for which preventive measures were worked out were studied in detail as to the correlation between their seizures and accidents. The results were as follows: Dangerous seizures were those with some degree of disturbance of consciousness or a sudden fall. Seizures occurred more than once a month. Dangerous postures at the time that seizures occurred included standing, walking, or riding on a bicycle. The environment in which the seizures happened was also closely related to the accidents. Aids such as a helmet or wheelchair were employed for the prevention of trauma. Sufficient individual attention was necessary in order to prevent the patient's drowning in the bath or a pool, falling from a high place, getting scalded by hot water, or being cut with a kitchen knife. As a consequence of the results of this study and other research, I planned preventive measures for accidents in patients with epilepsy.View full abstractDownload PDF (816K) -
Yasushi KAWAI, Yoshizo OHNOArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 29-37
Published: January 31, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to analyze the educational objectives of schools for children with physical disabilities. The following points were analyzed: (1) name, (2) position, (3) policy for accomplishing objectives, (4) description of disability, (5) form, and (6) establishment of basic objectives. As a whole, it was found that the structure and form of the educational objectives were very different from school to school, that the importance of such objectives was not fully recognized, and that the conception of the objectives was not distinguished from or was confused with other terms relating to educational activities. The results of the present study suggest that: (1) the term should not be "educational objectives", but rather, "educational objectives of schools" or some other name that is characteristic of the schools involved; (2) a policy should be established to realize the educational objectives of schools; (3) the educational objectives of schools should be given high importance; (4) terms and matters concerning educational activities should be reorganized on the basis of the educational objectives of schools.View full abstractDownload PDF (946K) -
Masako TSURUMAKIArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 39-47
Published: January 31, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to develop the textual behavior of 7 children with mental retardation who had difficulty in reading the Chinese characters ("kanji") for the names of animals. The experiments, conducted with the Fukushima University Behavior Modification Apparatus Type I and a slide projector that could fix the period of time for presentation of stimuli, used a simultaneous visual-visual matching-to-sample procedure with differential reinforcement for stimulus control. When using the procedure, 2 of the 7 subjects showed a position preference; after the position preference disappeared, the percentage correct (the proportion of responses that were correct) increased. Although the proportion of correct responses at Baseline I differed across subjects, all subjects had 100% correct responses at Baseline II. This means that this procedure is effective for improving the acquisition of textual behavior in children with mental retardation.View full abstractDownload PDF (810K) -
Emiko KIKUCHIArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 49-57
Published: January 31, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to develop the ability of a child with mental retardation to read dakuon kana syllables. Two phonetic syllabaries in the Japanese language, known as kana, are written differently but pronounced the same: hiragana, which is written in a cursive style, and katakana, which is written in a square style. Dakuon characters are the voiced consonants g, z, d, and b in these syllabaries. The subject was trained with a matching-to-sample procedure to match auditory stimuli (spoken words or syllables) to visual stimuli (written words or syllables). The subject was to learn stimulus equivalence, that is, the equivalence between these two types of stimuli, and to develop an oral reading ability. In Experiment A, some words beginning with dakuon characters were uttered and their written hiragana counterparts shown simultaneously. The subject was trained to match the spoken words to the written hiragana. After the subject learned to read the words orally, only the first syllable of the word was presented to the subject. It was found that the subject was able to read the syllables orally. In Experiment B, some dakuon syllables were uttered and their written katakana counterparts were shown simultaneously to the subject. Using a superimposition method, the katakana syllables were at first accompanied by their hiragana counterparts which the subject had already learned to read in Experiment A. Then the hiragana syllables were gradually faded out. The subject learned to match the spoken syllables to their written katakana counterparts without a position preference. Eventually the subject acquired the ability to read the dakuon katakana syllables.View full abstractDownload PDF (865K) -
Katsumasa OGAWAArticle type: Article
1995 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 59-66
Published: January 31, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe first use of the term "tokusyu-kyouiku" was in the Ministry of Education's Regulations Relating to Official Duties, in 1881 and 1884. These regulations covering the duties of the Bureau of Special School Affairs included all affairs relating to higher education and "tokusyu-kyouiku". However, the meaning of this term is not definitely explained. A similar term, "tokubetsu-kyouiku" can be found in the dictionary, "Kyouiku Jirin" (in parts 1879-1885), which was translated into Japanese from English. The original work is "The Cyclopaedia of Education" (New York, 1877). In the 1880s in Meizi Japan, the term "tokusyu-kyouiku", as well as "tokubetsu-kyouiku", meant not only education for people with disabilities, but also professional and technical education, and education in miscellaneous schools, just like the term "special instruction" in the 19th century in the U. S.View full abstractDownload PDF (1038K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1995 Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 67-72
Published: January 31, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: July 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (779K)
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