This paper grasps fires on Edo and Tokyo area for the past 400 years and it is to assist the creation of improved urban policies by addressing the preexistent urban problems in the disaster prevention measures. It compares the fires that can grasp a size by dividing 400 years in three periods. The frequency of the big size fires has declined as years go by. The fires more than burned area 1653m^2 and the number of deaths from those fires can be sequentially examined. However, no correlation between these factors can be found in the cases occurred after Meiji Era. Additionally, the changes in the social structures, e.g. the reinforcement to the fire services, have helped us prevent massive fire-related damage to our societies.

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Contrasting two similar buildings one of which had a vibration problem at the lounge adjoining to an aerobics studio, the cause of the problem was explained by the result of measurements and evaluation of habitability. A countermeasure based on simulation results settled the problem. A study of how force is employed to the floor demonstrates that the floor vibration from aerobics with dozens of participants can be predicted accurately by the response to the force of around eight people in phase and multiplying it by the root of the number of participants divided by the number of people in phase. The dynamic load factors for aerobics are also examined to be nearly equal to the factors of literature.

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In this paper, the practical diagrams were presented, which were led from subjective experience and useful to achieve a specific level of visibility of the document. These diagrams make it possible to design the visual environment sufficient to read the document. They show the contour line of the curved surfaces of various visibility levels that were shaped in the three dimensional spaces composed of three visual factors (i.e. the size, the luminance contrast and the adaptation luminance) of letters in the document. They were called 'equi-readability surface' and grouped according to the probability of arising the certain visibility.

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The results of experiments to identify the luminance on window screens are described. The experiment was conducted using thirteen different kinds of the screens. It was found that the luminance on the screens measured by Japan Industrial Standards (JIS) Method B,which is generally used for testing the ability of the screens against diffused light, was almost the same as the luminance on the screens from its openings. Moreover it was found that JIS Method was not enough to predict the luminance on the screens because the light source used in JIS Method was too small compared with actual conditions. In this study, the luminance on the screens was considered to be composed of three kinds of the light sources- direct sunlight, skylight and interior lighting. To predict the luminance on the screens, the optical characteristics of the screens that determines the luminance on the screens from each three kinds of the light source were measured separately.

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This study proposed a new production method of design weather data for heating and air-conditioning. In this method, two weather parameters are used as indices for selection of extreme weather days from a weather data source. Through the examination of several combinations of weather indices, the suitable combinations of two weather indices were presented fbr selection of fine weather and cloudy weather in winter and warm weather and sunny weather in summer.

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The purpose of this report is to examine experimentally the indoor thermal environment and energy consumption of the test houses constructed in hot and humid climate. Four test houses were constructed in the site of Kagoshima University(31l° 34'N, 130° 33'E). Each of them was single story, one room detached house with 3(m)×4(m) floor area. 0ne was built by 2×4 and the other three were built with FCP(foam-core-panels). Outdoor meteorological parameters, indoor air temperature and electric power consumption were measured and compared. Electric power consumption was also estimated from the computed air-conditioning load. The difference between estimated and measured electric power consumptions of the 2×4 test house was larger than that of a FCP test house. The seasonal simulation of the electric power consumption for the FCP test house showed that the heating consumed 2.8 times more electricity than the cooling.

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As an observatory of the International Daylight Measurement Programme (IDMP) of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE), one of the authors started measurement at Chofu-city in January 1993. Based on minutely data gathered over the past seven years on solar irradiance, temperature and humidity, this paper proposed the estimation formula I with direct and diffuse irradiance from measured global irradiance. Formula I estimates the cloud ratio in view of clearness index alone. Comparison between Formula l and conventional five formulas for estimation on direct and diffuse solar irradiance out of Group P, which serves as a function of permeability of atmosphere and seven from Group K, which acts as a function of clearness index was conducted based on all data, on solar altitude, on cloud ratio of solar irradiance, on solar altitude and cloud ratio of Chofu-city IDMP data ,Fukuoka-city data and Sapporo-city data of the Meteorological Agency, respectively. Generally, Group K's formulas were more accurate. lt has been found from the comparison that Formula l had smaller margin of error than the conventional formulas for estimation on direct and diffuse solar irradiance.

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The influence of thermal insulation and ad-, desorption finishing material on prevention of the condensation of the basement envelope are investigated by numerical analysis. Equations solved are simultaneous heat and moisture transfer equations. The main results are shown as follows. 1) Heat insulation raising indoor air temperature during summer have the effect of prevention of the basement condensation 2) Ad-, desorption finishing material reduce the amplitude of a few days cycle, but doesn't reduce that of a year cycle that is high humidity in the basement during summer.

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In a large enclosure containing contaminant sources such as an underground car park, it is important to supply fresh air for the occupied zone and to remove polluted air efficiently. From the viewpoint of human health, therefore, the layouts and the ventilation rate of supply openings as well as exhaust openings should be designed properly to keep air quality favorable for health. In the previous papers, the experimental study on the age of air in an underground car park with the one-way ventilation system was presented. The detail of fresh air distribution was studied with the CFD simulation conducted in the same conditions as the experiment did. In addition, the influence of supply/exhaust air imbalance of mechanical ventilation system, and the buoyancy effect of heat from ground and vehicles were studied with the age of air obtained from CFD. In this paper, the distribution of polluted gas generated from vehicles is simulated. Two locations of pollutant source, i.e. a parking space and a driving path, are supposed, and the ventilation efficiency ig examined by CFD. In addition, in order to improve the ventilation efficiency, high velocity fan diffuser-units are supposed to be installed in the stagnant region and investigated with CFD simulation.

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The purpose of this research is to know the present status of the indoor air VOC pollution in Japanese houses. From the measured indoor concentrations and the questionnaire results from five thousand householders, the following results were obtained. 1. In 12.3% of the houses, the concentrations of toluene exceeded the guideline established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japanese Government. And those of xylene and ethyl-benzene were 0.13% and 0%. 2. The concentrations in houses with ventilation systems were the same as those in houses without ventilation systems. 3. The structure types, the number of floors and the regions are considered as the main factors of concentrations.

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This paper evaluates thermal comfort in a room served by a ductless air conditioning system using large temperature difference air in cooling mode at simulated post occupancy. The proposed system utilizes low temperature air made by an ice storage system. Supply air is once introduced to ceiling plenum chamber after mixed with return air, and supplied through ceiling-mounted diffusers to the room served in this system. ln the room tested, mock-up furniture and personal computers are installed to simulate post occupancy conditions. As a result, thermal comfort in the room is satisfied by the proposed ductless air supply system using large temperature difference air. This system is expected to be employed in a real commercial building.

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Resently, Task/Ambient Air Conditioning System is widely used for improving the thermal environment and meeting the individual requirements for thermal comfort condition. The purpose of this study is to clarify the thermal comfort of Task Unit with isothermal air flow. In this study, we carried out the experiments at ambient air temperatures of 24, 26, 28, 30℃ and supply air velocity of 0.34, 0.69, 1.17, 1.77, 2.50m/s using the Task Unit. From the measurement results, the cooling effect of the upper body was confirmed by the thermal manikin experiment. Thermal sensation votes were strongly related with ambient air temperature. Under the 28℃ condition, thermal sensation vote reached nearly neutral by using 0.34, 0.69m/s isothermal air flow. In the preferred velocity conditions, subjects felt the air flow more preferable than fixed velocity conditions. The effectiveness of this Task Unit system was confirmed under moderate high temperature condition.

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An empirical equation for the evaporative efficiency of sweating was derived as a function of wetted skin surface area. By applying this equation and the linear relationship between the mean skin temperature and sweating rate reported in our previous paper, into the heat balance equation on human subject, a simple equation for predicting the mean skin temperature was introduced as a function of four environmental factors and one human factor (metabolic rate). This predicted mean skin temperature could be used as an index for evaluating human response to hot environment. In this paper, we presented the results of mean skin temperature calculated for two typical cases on psychometric charts. These results demonstrate that we need to take into account the evaporating efficiency of sweating for evaluating hot environment for people who are in moving conditions and/or critical hot environments.

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Enterprises are exposed to various risks. 0ne effective measure for risk aversion is a defense in depth, which can be achieved by providing the alternative building. However, the seismic risk is caused by the common cause so that the effectiveness of a defense in depth may not be observed. In this paper, a method to obtain the conditional seismic hazard curve correlated to the seismic hazard curve of the main building was proposed. Using this method, 20 buildings were examined for their adequacy as an alternative building. Also Examined were 291 site, followed by the following findings ; (1) distribution of variability in attenuation relation has a large effect on results, (2) correlation in the ground motion intensity may differ corresponding to the given annual probability of exceedence, and (3) arrangement of alternative buildings can be determined by the conditional seismic hazard curve.

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Architectural design needs collaboration of team. Recently, it becomes possible to carry out projects between distributed sites by using computer and Internet technology. For development of support system for architectural design collaboration, this paper focuses to clarify a framework of social interaction process about architectural design in a team. In this paper, we described a hypothetical model of interaction process consist of three phases : A) Expression B) Evaluation C) Acceptance about idea and design problem. And on the hypothesis of the model, we analyzed communication data logged in Design Collaboration on the Web 2001 project by Protocol Analysis method. As a result, we could describe characteristics of member's behavior in each interaction phase and some patterns of combination of interaction phases.

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This article attempts to clarify matters as below. 1. Systematic arrangement of contents for CAAD education 2. Correlation between measure of comprehension and attribution of students 3. Possibility of contribution of hold of geometry toward skill of CAAD operation 4. Methodology for CAAD curriculum and class formation considering individuality of students

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