For setting the criteria of the performance of the fire preventive tempered glass, the temperature data of the glass were obtained by fire tests, and checked the breakage factor of the glass. Fire tests were performed for not only Single glass pane but also Double-glazed glass pane and Low-Emissivity Double-glazed glass pane. Findings are as follows.
 1. Temperature difference(ΔT) in the glass on fire tests and Surface compression of the glass are closely relevant.
 2. Temperature difference(ΔT) in the glass on fire tests and Emissivity value of Low-E coating glass are closely relevant.
 3. Therefore, Performance of fire preventive glass can be evaluated by Temperature Difference(ΔT) in the glass, Surface Compression of the glass and Emissivity value of Low-E glass can be a substitute property on fire preventive tempered glass performance criteria.

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 The concept of “health” is thought to be important to today's housing. In order to overcome the difficulty in investigating the concept of “health”, the Image Grid Method was developed from Evaluation Grid Method and the concept of Behavior settings in our previous study.
 A questionnaire survey on “health” was conducted using the Image Grid Method in 2009 on 75 people of various attributes: living area, gender, age, housing type, health condition etc.
 Resulation from this study are found to be the complementary knowledge with the previous studies on the health related factors using other approaches.

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 This study aimed to clarify the compositional and contextual effects of indoor temperature on blood pressure (BP). These effects are respectively defined as the increase in BP per 1°C decrease in indoor temperature on a particular day and the increase in BP per 1°C decrease in average indoor temperature of houses based on a multilevel model. Measurement data were collected through field surveys in winter (2012-2014). Both effects were significant, and the sum of the effects was 0.57 mmHg/°C for morning systolic BP and 0.43 mmHg/°C for morning diastolic BP.Also, the interaction between age and temperature was significant.

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 This paper describes the effects of external thermal insulation retrofit regarding to indoor temperature rising and energy saving of space heating through three real projects of condominiums in Sapporo. The results of the retrofits, the indoor temperatures were all rose with 1.8 to 3.5 degree-C, and the heating energies were all saved with 17 to 46%. It also describes prediction formula of indoor temperature after the retrofit that was conducted through the analysis of the real projects. By the prediction formula, the effects of the retrofit have been able to estimate near real indoor temperature at the time before retrofit.

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 The pleasantness by cross-ventilation can improve the comfort sensation of the residential environment. Cabanac defined “pleasant sensation” as a positive comfort against the comfort that is regarded as a lack of discomfort in steady state proposed by Gagge et al. The pleasant sensation index for the thermal environment is not established yet. In this study, the human-subjective experiments were conducted for step-wisely changing wind velocity by using climate-controllable wind tunnel. Through the experiment, the pleasant sensation was found to be transient and different from the thermal and comfort sensations. The pleasantness occurred when suddenly changing from the discomfort environment to neutral environment. The regression formula on the pleasantness was obtained from experimental results by using a mean skin temperature and a differential of mean skin temperature as the explanatory parameter.

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 In winter, environmental problems caused by the stack effect occur in high-rise buildings. In order to prevent the stack effect, it is necessary to estimate the behavior of the natural ventilation quantitatively for a whole building. In this study, we measured pressure difference at elevator doors in an actual building through one winter, and at the same time, the numerical analysis by the airflow network model were performed. As the results, the calculated pressure differences at the elevator door on the top and bottom floor showed good agreement with the measured values for both nighttime and commuting time.

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 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is beneficial means to obtain velocity distribution for both fundamental and applied work in architectural-environment research field, because it enables simultaneous measurement without any contact of devices to the flow. There exist a number of factors that can affect result. It is roughly divided into two types, one is image quality, and the other is analysing method. This paper focuses on effect of several processing parameters in PIV on its accuracy, and mainly investigates cross-correlation algorithm, interrogation window size, and the number of iteration in recursive processing. The objective of this work is to understand an impact of each parameter setting for a highly turbulent and shear flow because it has almost never been shown systematically. As analysis target, the flow around a cross-ventilated room model was adopted. By conducting a parametric study combining above-shown parameters, accuracy of analysed velocity and wind direction is finally studied.

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 An investigation of air flow characteristics in the human respiratory tract will provide essential information to enhance understanding transportation of inhaled contaminants through respiration. In this study, we conducted in vitro experiments to investigate the flow pattern in the human respiratory airway model. The detail measurement by particle image velocimetry (PIV)technique is challenge in the field of respiratory infection in indoor environment. In this study, flow fields in trachea region were precisely measured by PIV under three inhalation conditions; 7.5 L/min, 15 L/min and 30 L/min.

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 The air quality in elementary/secondary schools located in metropolitan district X was analyzed by using results of the audit based on the management standard of environmental sanitation for buildings. The period of analysis was set as 4 years from 2007 to 2010. The following conclusions were obtained;
 1) The average CO₂ concentrations under normally occupied condition in elementary schools during summer and midterm season met the standard of 1000 ppm, however did not meet in winter. The average CO₂ concentrations in secondary schools did not meet the standard during all seasons. 2) The percentage of rooms unsuitable for the CO₂ standards of 1000 ppm in secondary schools during winter was high at 58.3 %, and that in elementary schools was 45.5 %. 3) More significant tendency that the lower the outdoor temperature, the lower the window-opened ratio, was observed in the elementary schools than that in secondary schools. 4) Under the same outdoor temperature condition, the average ventilation rate in secondary schools was less than that in elementary schools especially during summer season. 5) The results of the audit might not be utilized as feedback information to improve the indoor air quality.

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 To keep healthy and sanitary indoor air quality level, the development of effective decontamination measure in indoor environment will be important issue because the indoor environment generally can be contaminated with various contaminants. Here, we focused on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and discussed its application to decontamination in indoors. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique as a prediction tool for non-uniform distribution of vapor hydrogen peroxide in indoors and also the decomposition on wall surfaces. In this Part 2, concentration distributions of vapor hydrogen peroxide in large scale climate chamber were precisely measured and CFD analyses with the same scenarios of the experiment were carried out to validate prediction accuracy and decontamination efficiency.

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 In this study, a coupled analysis of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system simulations was applied to a multi-split air-conditioning system in the operation phase during a power-saving period in summer. Two different forced operation schemes for the indoor units, i.e., a regular rotation control and a lowest reference temperature control for switching cooling and fan modes, were designed, and the effects of the two operation schemes on the indoor thermal environment were investigated. When the reference temperature points for the indoor units were located at a height of the occupied zone, the lowest reference temperature control was better than the regular rotation control from the viewpoint of creating a more uniform thermal environment in the occupied zone.

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 A series of the demonstration tests were conducted by synchronized operation between the ground source heat pump(GSHP) system and the air source heat pump(ASHP) system at the existing building to verify efficiency of the GSHP system using the steel pipe piles as the ground heat exchangers. The GSHP system achieved the energy conservation of 30-40% in the cooling period.
 However, it declined in the heating period because the temperature difference between the circulating water and the outer temperature was smaller than the cooling period. It was also confirmed that the ground temperature recovered in one year cycle.

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 Ventilation in street canyons contributes to mitigation of extremes in the thermal environment in urban areas. In previous studies, a strong relationship between the gross building coverage ratio and the spatial average wind velocity at pedestrian level has been confirmed. In this study, the relationship between wind environment and street canyon characteristics was analyzed using CFD and a GIS tool. Spatial average wind velocity is explained better by the open space ratio rather than the gross building coverage ratio in grids more than 250 m square grid. It means that the open space ratio is more direct indicator to spatial average wind velocity. Spatial average wind velocity averaged in the area of about 250 to 1,250 m square grid is meaningful. In this scale, it is possible to extract the typical characteristics of wind environment in the street canyon. When the evaluation scale is less than 100 m square, the wind environment in street canyons is best evaluated by more specific indicators (e.g., building height and road width) rather than spatially averaged indicators.

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 The adjoint variable method (AVM) is a method for solving inverse problems, and is used for sensitivity analysis. This paper reports on a study considering the effective usage of AVM, and examines how AVM could be applied to achieve optimal arrangement of trees for the purpose of reducing wind velocity around a station building. The following conclusions were obtained;
 Preferential arrangement plan of trees around Nobeoka station for the purpose of wind velocity reduction is calculated by AVM. The results showed that in the case of 10 trees with optimal placement, wind velocity would be reduced by 18% compared to wind velocity without trees. In contrast, in the case of 44 trees with all placement, wind velocity would be reduced by 29%. Even trees number is less than 1/4, the effect of 60 ~ 70% was obtained. These results confirmed the validity of the proposed method.

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 Energy-saving behaviors of single-family-house residents in various areas in Japan were studied. The ease and energy-reduction effect of their energy-saving behaviors were investigated to determine suitable energy-saving behaviors for different household characteristics. The following conclusions were obtained; 1) the energy reduction effect and ease of 52 energy-saving behaviors for different household characteristics are presented. Recommended energy-saving behaviors suitable for each household characteristics type are then listed based on the study results. 2) Compared to the families who do not take energy-saving behaviors, those who usually take energy-saving behaviors tend not to feel that such behaviors are a bother.

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 Modeling of occupants' behavior is an issue of concern in building simulation field all around the world. The author has been studying on modeling of occupants' window opening/air conditioner using behavior on the basis of field survey results. As the first step to modify the model, this study examined the relation between occupants' window opening/air conditioner using behavior and variables obtained from filed survey results by applying logistic regression analysis. The results suggested that occupants' window opening/closing behavior and air conditioner turning on/off behavior could been affected not only by thermal environment, but also room occupation, the combination of present occupants and status of windows.

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