Large number of residents is expected to be evacuees in case of an urban fire following large earthquake. It is essential to implement an effective evacuation plan for maintaining residents' safety. In this study, a model for the evacuation behaviors of city residents based on the potential theory was developed. The model consists of following sub-models: (1) fire hazard model; (2) psychological space model of safety recognized by residents; and (3) traveling model of residents under the influence of the former sub-models. In the fire hazard model, temperature rise by fire plumes and thermal radiation from burning area are considered in evaluating the hazard potential. Whereas, in the psychological space model, the safety potential of the egress route is evaluated by considering the overlapping effect of neighboring refuges. The effects of the hazard potential and the safety potential are integrated into another potential which governs the overall egress behaviors of residents. In this paper, the evacuation behaviors of residents in the Kanto Earthquake Fire in 1923 were simulated. The results were compared in terms of the number and location of fatalities, and the number of person evacuated into major refuges. The model simulated the evacuation behaviors with reasonable accuracy, and the potential theory was expected to be effective for simulation of the evacuation behaviors of residents in post-earthquake fire.

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The adaptation to heat arising in daily life was grasped by experiments in a climate chamber. The experiments were composed of +5 degree centigrade load from normal temperature to the subject in the test room during 30 minutes with clothing insulation of 0.37clo and carried out frequently by five young men of 20's from June to October 2004. Based on thermal physiology the term of the adaptation to heat was divided into five intervals; normal, intermittently ascending, continuous, intermittently descending, and normal. The characteristic of the adaptation to heat was found to be that after a short uncomfortable summer, a long comfortable summer will come.

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The subject of this study is the periodic and continuous vibration on the reinforced concrete or steel structure floor system caused by occupant walking. The evaluation index from the viewpoint of habitability is presented based on the relationship between the psychological scale constructed by the sensory test and the frequency, amplitude and wave shape of the sample vibration. As the result, the human sensation and evaluation on the periodic vibration is related to the amplitude at the foot landing. And the human evaluation on the continuous vibration is influenced by not only the maximum amplitude but also the duration of the vibration.

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The light source models All Sky Models reproducing daylight and solar radiation comprehensively are installed to ray-tracer RADIANCE calculating inter-reflections with reflection distribution accurately. Furthermore, a program converting the irradiance distribution to heat boundary conditions of CFD analysis is developed.
In this paper, the developed programs predicted the daylight illuminance, radiation load and irradiance distribution with inter-reflection of shades, and energy saving effects of artificial lighting and air conditioning was evaluated under the same analysis method. Then, applying CFD analysis the difference was found in the temperature distributions under the heat boundary conditions of irradiance distribution between the calculation by the developed programs and the calculation by the easy method. As a result, the availability of the programs is indicated.

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In order to develop a thermal model of human body during sleep, this study examined how an existing thermal model of human body for arousal state could be applied to sleeping conditions. The measured results of local skin and core temperatures in sleep experiments were used for a validation purpose. It was shown that Stolwijk model for arousal conditions could explain the experimental results during sleep reasonably well by subdividing human body into nodes to consider the heat and moisture transfer in the clothes and the bedding and adjusting the physical and physiological parameters.

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A Simplified calculation method for thermal performance of the windows with frames used in non-residential buildings was proposed in this paper. The major difference of the proposed method from that used in the current PAL (Perimeter Annual load) calculation is that it takes the thermal influence of frames into account.
Comparison calculations were undertaken between the conventional PAL calculation (where the influence of frames was neglected) and the proposed PAL calculation (where the influence of frames was taken into account).
As a result, it was examined that heating PAL was smaller and cooling PAL was larger by the proposed method. Moreover, in annual PAL, it was confirmed that PAL values changed according to the areas and the specifications of the windows and frames. It was shown that the influence of window frames couldn't be neglected in PAL calculations.

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This paper describes the distribution of local air exchange efficiency (ε_p) in the living room when the layout of supply outlets and exhaust inlets and the position of air-conditioners is changed.The results are as follows;
(1) The value of mean ε_p of breathing zone becomes about 1.0 because fresh air spread completely in the room when airconditioners are operated.
(2)In the case when air-conditioners are not operated, the mean ε_p becomes smaller than 1.0, and the poor area of ventilation efficiency becomes large.
(3) Ventilation efficiency is influenced by the layout of the supply outlets and exhaust inlets.

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The basic performance of natural ventilation system combined with solar chimney and underground pit installed in a new school building and the measured results before the school opening are described. A special measuring unit for average air velocity across the horizontal section of solar chimney was devised to obtain the exhaust volume out of solar chimney. With this method the average air velocity within solar chimney can be derived from the air velocity value of the normally installed anemometer multiplied by the conversion coefficient obtained from multi-point measurements. As a result the exhaust volume out of solar chimney and supply air volume from underground pit variant over time were found almost in equal amount. Difference in natural ventilation volume between in one building block and another could hardly be observed. Air velocity within the solar chimneys turned out highly correlated with solar radiation when the wind speed outside was low and highly correlated with wind speed when solar radiation was small.

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The rejected pieces in producing the lumber could be utilized as the biomass energy. The use of wood incorporating utilization of these pieces as the biomass energy let achieve the resources recycling in the forest. Following results were obtained by researches in the whole area of Nagano prefecture.
1) The amount of log for the lumber production should be 1,102 X 10³m³ which was enough amount for Wood demand in Nagano prefecture.
2) The reduction of CO₂ emission by utilizing the wooden biomass energy was 712 X 10³t-CO₂/year at least.
3) Lumber production for buildings based on the premise of resources recycling was applicable in both regions.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between diffusive character of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2E1H) in flooring finish material and 2E1H emission rate from floor surface. The 2E1H emission flux in various flooring finish material is measured and an effective diffusion coefficient of 2E1H for the material is calculated from the emission flux. Some flooring finish materials are attached on top of subfloor materials with adhesive, and these 2E1H emission rates are measured. It is clarified that 2E1H emission rate from floor surface is high, when the effective diffusion coefficient of 2E1H for the flooring finish material is high.

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The overarching objective of this study is to develop the numerical model based on logistic equations that predict fungal proliferation and colony forming by taking into account the influence of moisture, temperature and surface characteristics of building materials for various fungi. Toward this end, this paper provides the results of fundamental experiment which measure the responses of fungal mycelium length and colony size on culture media under various environmental conditions. The characteristic of this experiment is to make the suspension that strictly controls the density of the spores, and to execute both the mycelium growth experiment on glass plate and the colony formation experiment on culture media with the same slurry of fungal spores. We focus on humidity effect on fungal growth and mycelium lengths were directly measured by using the digital image data with the microscope that had been taken a picture every 24 hours. Obvious humidity dependence of fungal growth was confirmed in this experiment. In this research, we propose the fungous growth model based on a logistic expression and reports on the result of doing the fitting of the model coefficient by using the experiment data. The results of fungal growth model by logistic expression were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

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Ventilation by displacement is a type of ventilation where the air flow is thermally driven. By this arrangement one obtains two zones in the room - a lower zone with supply air conditions and an upper recirculation zone with extract air conditions. Cold climate causes downdraught from windows and external walls and results in a mixing of air from the upper into the lower zone. To avoid this problem during cold climate a new principle for ventilation by displacement is tested. Excess heat from the upper zone of the room is used for heating cold surfaces. The principle involves creation of a narrow space in front of the exterior wall, separating the cold wall from direct contact with room air. Extract air from the ceiling level is forced down through this space by an extraction fan. This method can advantageously be applied in large buildings where an external wall mainly consists of glass panes. In this case it might be appropriate to utilise the space between the inner couple of glasses for extract air. Tracer gas and temperature measurements were carried out in a test-room. The result shows that the ventilation efficiency improves when using the new principle. The thermal climate also improves due to less down-draught and higher surface temperatures.

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Ceiling Plenum Building Structure Thermal Storage (CP-BSTS) HVAC system is a system, which utilizes building structure such as beams, columns and floors composed of concrete as a thermal storage device. Its ceiling plenum is a chamber to which cold air is supplied for storing heat in the structure at night in summer. It has been recently taken up as a technique to level hourly electricity demands for HVAC in a day. This paper describes how various factors for the design and operation of the CP-BSTS HVAC system quantitatively affect the charge/discharge performances of its system through some experiments. The results can be obtained as follows:
1) The average charged heat is 347kJ/m² (flour area) for 5 heat storage operation hours and 190 kJ/m² for 2.5 hours respectively.
2) The significant factors for the charged heat are heat storage operation hours, supply air volume and supply air temperature.

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The present paper describes a numerical analysis on characteristics of the urban heat island in summer and winter for various urban blocks in terms of the heat island potential (HIP). The HIP is defined as an index by which to express the sensible heat flux from all external surfaces of an urban block to the atmosphere. Urban blocks (12 cases) with different land use and building types in the downtown of Tokyo were selected for the analysis. The HIPs for a typical summer and winter clear day were quantified using the thermal simulation tool developed by the authors' research group. Simulation results show that diurnal variations of the HIP for the selected urban blocks are different from seasons, types of land use and land coverage.

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