Traffic vibrations causes problems from a viewpoint of habitability. In recent years, due to the densification of the city and the development of the transportation network, it is difficult to take enough distance between living space and road or railway which are vibration source. Therefore, the problems due to traffic vibration are increasing. The characteristic of traffic vibration is nonstationary vibration whose amplitude changes randomly. Therefore, it is necessary to study the applicability of previous study using sine waves.

 In this study, we developed sensory evaluation tests using 18 vibration waveforms which was measured in the housing, and search a physical index that is relative to a human’s vibrations sense while comparing with the previous study.

 The investigated procedure is described as follows;

 1) 18 traffic vibration waveforms measured at the upper floor of a wooden house near a road or railroad were selected.

 2)the samples were exhibited to examiner randomly, and we obtained one answer from each of them about their feeling of amplitude, annoyance and discomfort for each sample.

 3)We constructed psychographic scales of feelings of amplitude, annoyance and discomfort against various vibrations using a method of successive categories.

 4)Several physical index candidates were set referring to previous research and vary in the degree of frequency reflecting characteristics, duration, and amplitude undulation. And we searched for the index of the most relative to a human’s vibratory senses and evaluations.

 The results are described follows;

 1) We found that VL_max which is maximum value index of a vibration level has relatively good correspondence with the psychological scale, whereas A1/3oct.eq.max which is calculated from only the amplitude of the dominant frequency component has a poor correspondence. This is because feeling and evaluation of vibration were influenced by the amplitude of all frequency range.

 2) Comparing A1/3oct.eq.max with A1/3oct.eq.max plus duration time, we observed that A1/3oct.eq.max plus duration time has a good correspondence than A1/3oct.eq.max. Similarly comparing VL_max and VL_max plus duration time, we observed that VL_max plus duration time has a good correspondence than VL_max. Therefore, feeling and evaluation of vibration were observed to be influenced by the duration of vibration.

 On the basis of the study, we found that the relation between the feeling of annoyance scale and VL_max plus duration time described as “VLT＝VL_max(630ms)＋20･log₁₀T^1/4” has overall good correspondence. Where “VL_max(630ms)” is the maximum value of vibration level (time const.=630ms) and “T” is the duration level over 60dB. This result is consistent with previous studies.

 Recently various lighting designs have become required more than ever. In order to closely examine and appropriately design various light environments, highly accurate luminance predictive simulation techniques are needed. Since luminance distributions are influenced more by directional reflection characteristics than by illuminance distributions, it is necessary to obtain data of directional reflection characteristics for luminance simulations. In this study, in order to easily obtain data of directional reflection characteristics to be incorporated into the simulation, we considered to identify feature quantity of mathematical models of directional reflection characteristics by using information obtained by employing simplified measurements. As the simplified measurements method, we attempted to utilize the physical properties of building materials which have recently been made easily measurable by using commercially available instruments. From the attempts in this study, the followings were found.

 (1) We compared detailed data set of directional reflection characteristics, which were obtained by the direct measurement method utilizing polarizers, with such physical properties as glossiness and surface roughness Ra measured by using commercial measuring instruments. From these, it was found that the larger the glossiness and the smaller the surface roughness Ra, the larger the boundary reflection component tended to be and the sharper the distribution characteristics of the boundary reflection component tended to be. However, other than the correlation between the glossiness and the intensities of the boundary reflection component were low.

 (2) We compared the detailed data set of directional reflection characteristics with spectral diffuse reflectance measured with commercially available instruments. It was found that there was a strong correlation between the layer reflectance R_D and the diffuse reflectance under the light source used for the measurement, which were calculated from spectral diffuse reflectance (SCE).

 (3) We proposed a method to model directional reflection characteristics based on simplified measurements without polarizers, which gives the estimation of layer reflection characteristics derived from the diffuse reflectance. In this method, the number of measurement steps was capable of being reduced to one-fifth, and the same accuracy as detailed measurements with polarizers was able to be obtained. The method was verified for surfaces with semi-uniform diffuse reflection characteristics and not verified for surfaces with specular reflection characteristics.

 (4) The directional reflection characteristics of the five building materials with different finishes, such as a polished marble tile, highly polished marble tile, a fair-faced concrete block, a semi-gloss galvanized steel plate and float glass, were successfully obtained by the simplified prediction method.

 (5) For building materials with high glossiness, it is considered necessary to measure them by setting the measurement incident angle conditions at least three times in order to determine with sufficient accuracy the coefficient K which is the feature quantity of the layer reflection component.

 After the accident of the Fukushima nuclear power plant caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011, the supply of electricity in Japan continued to be tight. In the summer 2011, the electric power consumption had to be reduced by 15 percent or more in office buildings in the eastern half of the Japanese mainland including the Tokyo metropolitan area and workers in the office spaces experienced different light environment than before the earthquake. This paper analyzes basic data on light environments in office buildings after the 3.11 earthquake in order to contribute to future lighting design.

 The field measurements and workers’ evaluation surveys were conducted in 13 office spaces located in the Kanto metropolitan area from July to November 2011. Horizontal illuminance, vertical illuminance, luminance distribution in the workers’ visual field and electric power consumption were measured. The measurements were conducted for a week or two in each building to identify the effects of outside conditions on the interior lighting environment. Desktop illuminances are estimated from the horizontal illuminance data measured on the desk partitions. The workers evaluated “brightness on the desktop”, “satisfaction with lighting environment around the desk”, “spatial brightness of the workspace”, and “Satisfaction with lighting environment of the workspace”. The results are divided into three time/weather conditions, daytime of sunny days, daytime of cloudy days and nighttime.

 Results are as follows:

 1) In most offices the horizontal illuminance remains in the range of 300 to 500 lux in the nighttime, whereas the value is below 100 lux or above 700 lux in some offices.

 2) There was some relationship between the average horizontal illuminance on desktops and the workers’ evaluation on brightness, however appropriate light environment could not be estimated only by representative values of horizontal illuminance of the space, because the nonuniformity of the light environment also had a high correlation coefficient with workers’ satisfaction.

 3) Average luminance on the ceiling had a higher correlation coefficient with spatial brightness in the working space, regardless of time zone or climate.

 4) The rate of dissatisfaction or brightness evaluation decreases with until a desktop illuminance reaches approximately 400 lux: above 400lx of desktop illuminance the dissatisfaction rate remains almost constant.

 In order to establish a more adequate prediction method for the indoor thermal environment and the air-conditioning load, it is essential that the calculation condition has good agreement with the actual situation. Although there is a high possibility that the actual usage of cooling and heating equipment of residential houses in Hokkaido is different from that in other districts, the unified conditions are being used for the prediction currently. Moreover, the air-conditioner for cold district is developed and is becoming popular in recent years. However, the actual usage of the air-conditioner in Hokkaido has not clarified yet.

 Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate the actual usage of the air-conditioner in Hokkaido based on the results of the web questionnaire. The results are as follows.

 Among the air-conditioner households in Hokkaido, the rate of the households that the air-conditioner is used in summer reached to 80% over. However, the one in intermediate seasons becomes 40%, and the one in winter becomes 20%. It is found that the main reason of setting the air-conditioner is to use for cooling in summer. And the dehumidification mode is used through a whole year. This may be related with the custom that laundries are dried at indoor in Hokkaido.

 The rate of the households that the air-conditioner is used for heating in winter is about 20%, it can be said that the rate of utilization as a heating equipment is not high. However, the air-conditioner has advantage of more convenience than other heating equipment, such as instantaneous heating at morning in intermediate seasons and using with timer at bedtime in winter.

 More than half of the air-conditioner households had never considered that the air-conditioner is used for heating. And, 40% of the air-conditioner households have the negative image without the actual using of the air-conditioner for heating. These become the retards for using of the air-conditioner for heating.

 At more than 90% of the air-conditioner households, the setting temperature is more than the general temperature for the prediction in all season.

 It is found that that the indoor temperature has been kept about 24 degree C year-round. Because there are few customs that the feeling temperature is controlled by amount of clothing in Hokkaido, the indoor temperature is controlled constantly in the comfortable range without large changing of the amount of clothing.

 In order to enhance the general understanding on architectural environmental design, it is important for undergraduate architectural students to understand the relation between architectural design and environmental elements in living areas in a quantitative way. In this study, educational program for architectural undergraduate students in their third-year, which introduced simple field measurement about outdoor thermal environment and practical exercises about ultraviolet radiation environment in outdoor living areas, had been developed and conducted for two years (Sep. – Nov. 2013 and Sep. – Nov. 2014). The results confirmed that the program successfully enhanced students’ understanding on environmental elements. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the use of pictures taken by fish-eye lens had an instant effect on proposing the types and sizes of countermeasures for the target site. On the other hand, some areas were highlighted for improvement, especially about students’ countermeasures for improving environment of the target site; most of students’ countermeasures were biased toward planting trees and using greens, and little in architectural design. This showed the needs of improvement in this program with regards to the content of the lectures section and the final report, introducing lectures about specific examples of environmental improvement plans and design.

 Specifically, the following findings were obtained from this study;

 Firstly, it was confirmed that there had been no misunderstanding or misuse on environmental elements in the report which was submitted after simple field measurement, which was the serious problem in the previous study. The preliminary survey showed that all the students, which were architectural undergraduate students in their third-year, had taken basic course of environmental engineering, compare to the architectural beginners in composite regions. This result showed the effectiveness and necessity of taking a class of environmental engineering.

 Secondly, as the things in the pictures taken by fish-eye lens had visually presented the view factor of each member around the target sites, painting countermeasures in the pictures taken by fish-eye lens was very easy way for the students to grasp the influence of countermeasure upon thermal and ultraviolet radiation environment in the target site. This demonstrates that a picture taken by fish-eye lens have a simple and instant effect on proposing the types and sizes of countermeasures on environment in outdoor living areas.

 Thirdly, most of the students had been analyzed the environment of the target site quantitatively depending on the result of simple field measurement and practical exercise in the final paper. Moreover, some countermeasures of the target site had been considered not only environment but also other architectural elements, such as traffic, landscape, and visual quality. The result showed that the architectural students had considered non-environmental factors and had been keeping balance between environmental countermeasures and architectural design. From this point of view, the educational program, proposed in this study, had accomplished the original target in one part.

 On the other hand, most of students’ countermeasures in the final paper were biased toward planting trees and using greens and none of the proposals involved designing spatial structures or materials of the target site, except for sunshade settings, despite of clear instructions for students to make architectural design by teacher.

 This study aims to propose a measurement method of vent cap airflow resistance through an examination of pipe models using realistic airflow rates, test methods including measurement methods and test conditions that refer to the results of previous tests including flow capacity tests. Next, using these factors, the airflow resistance coefficients and equivalent pipe lengths of vent caps of exposed and embedded types, most commonly available types, were calculated based on applied pipe diameters to provide new, practical data for ventilation design. Lastly, typical vent caps were selected, based on said airflow resistance coefficients as indexes, and were attached respectively to the top of the vent pipe of an actual high-rise building drainage stack system to examine the influence of the vent cap airflow resistance on the flow capacity. Experiments were carried out with the focus on these three aspects, and the following has been achieved.

 (1) By setting airflow rates that were generated during drainage load experiments using the high-rise/super high-rise drainage stack system, airflow resistance pipe models of horizontal header and vertical and horizontal single types and a test method have been proposed. The airflow resistance coefficients ζ and equivalent pipe lengths L of 38 commercially-available vent caps of exposed and embedded types have been calculated.

 (2) The results of airflow resistance tests indicate that the average airflow resistance coefficient ζ corresponding to the average applied pipe diameter is 3.0 with the exposed type and 5.5-7.5 with the embedded type. As for the equivalent pipe lengths L, the difference between the maximum and minimum values corresponding to the applied pipe diameters is approximately ±2[m] with the exposed type and approximately ±6-11[m] with the embedded type. Although there is some variation due to difference in shape, etc., when regarding the average equivalent pipe length L corresponding to the average applied pipe diameter as an equivalent pipe length L for practical application, it is approximately 11[m] with the exposed type and approximately 21-27[m] with the embedded type.

 (3) Flow capacity experiments were carried out, according to SHAPE-S218, on the high-rise building drainage stack system using six vent caps of different common types, in different shapes and with different airflow resistance coefficients ζ. The flow capacity was measured to be 2.0[L/s] with both the exposed type and the embedded type, which was very similar to the flow capacity with the bellmouth used in the experiments. There was no variation in the flow capacity caused by the airflow resistance coefficients ζ.

 (4) The calculation results of airflow resistance coefficients ζ and equivalent pipe lengths L show that there is only slight variation between the measurements obtained from the airflow resistance pipe models in the laboratory and the measurements obtained from the flow capacity experiments that were carried out outdoors. Therefore, it is considered that the calculation results of airflow resistance coefficients ζ and equivalent pipe lengths L from the outdoor flow capacity experiments can be used as practical design data, provided that the influence of external disturbance is similar.

 The facilities at university are composed of various buildings and rooms, and the multi sprit type air conditioning system is mainly used as the cooling and heating equipment. In energy conservation measures with many buildings like university facilities, improvement of efficiency to existing air conditioning equipment becomes a big issue.

 In recent years, saving energy control by outdoor unit capacity control and refrigerant temperature control has begun to be commercialized for multi sprit type air conditioners. However, system behavior, indoor environment and energy performance when using this control are not clearly quantified.

 Therefore, dynamic operation characteristic, energy performance and indoor environment when saving energy control was applied to multi sprit type gas heat pump air conditioner (GHP) were verified by experiment of a real scale building in this study. In addition, the actual seasonal energy performance of long-term application of this control was investigated to university buildings with different uses, and also verified the effectiveness of this control as energy saving measures of university facilities.

 1) From the results of experiments using a real scale building, in the saving energy control "high" setting, 22.9 to 27.5% reduction at the outdoor unit suction temperature 41℃ in the cooling operation, and 14.9 to 15.6% reduction at the outdoor unit suction temperature 9℃in the heating operation against the GHP gas consumption compared with the normal control was confirmed.

 2) The indoor temperature and humidity environment in experiments using a real scale building was the same regardless of the control conditions, and it was confirmed that by applying this energy saving control, it was possible to obtain the energy saving effect while maintaining the indoor environment.

 3) From the long-term application of saving energy control, which was conducted for 3 institutions of lecture building, administrative building and science and engineering research building, energy saving effects of 10% to 47% were confirmed on similar days during cooling and heating.

 4) Gas reduction rates were obtained 13% to 20% for heating season regardless of the building, 6% to 19% for Buildings B and C and 28% for Building A for cooling season.

 From the above results, it was confirmed that the saving energy control that is the object of this research is effective as an energy conservation measure of existing facilities of multi sprit type air conditioner which is the main air conditioning system of university facilities.

 In a commercial kitchen, because of the large amount of heat and water vapor generated by heated cooking appliances, a large amount of ventilation rate and air conditioning capacity are required for thermal comfort. Therefore, energy consumption has become a matter of concern by the fans and air-conditioning system. To solve this problem, the use of ventilation control system has drawn attention as a method for saving energy in commercial kitchens. The ventilation control system detects the operation of a cooking appliance based on an increase in air temperature in the exhaust hood, and then controls the ventilation rate by varying the exhaust fan power in response to the operating conditions. In this study, the validity of the ventilation control system is examined based on indoor air quality and the energy saving effects in summer season.

 First, we carried out measurements to introduce a ventilation control system in the commercial kitchen. The layout of the area where the ventilation system was installed are shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows the ventilation control unit. The total ventilation and exhaust rates of exhaust hoods were patterned into 10 modes (see Table 1). The type of control mode used was dependent on the operational status of a specific cooking appliance. The measurement items are shown in Table 2. The time range between 9:00-14:00 was used to compare results as this was the time when cooking functions were primarily performed. The gas consumption rates for the two days are shown in Table 3.

 The mode selection status and gas flow rate on a control day is shown in Fig. 4. It was found that the exhaust rates changed depending on operational status of the cooking appliances while the system operated as assumed. It was found that the energy consumed by the fans was reduced by 56 % creating a significant energy savings effect (see Fig. 5). It was recognized that a control day had an energy reduction effect of 10% in GHP1 (see Fig. 6). By contrast, a difference in GHP2 was not observed. GHP2 was installed in a cleaning room that did not have a double hood setup, thereby preventing introduction of unconditioned outside air as with other spaces. About thermal environment and comfort, a significant influence was not seen between those two days (see Fig. 7). The time average of PMV at Points 1–11 are shown in Fig. 8, there were only slight differences between the two days.

 Secondly, in order to verify the effect of the outside airflow supplied from the double hood, we reproduced the measurements by CFD simulation in relation to ventilation effectiveness and contribution to thermal environment. The outline of the model is shown in Fig. 10. The boundary conditions are shown in Table 5, 6 and 7.

 Fig. 11 shows the air temperature distribution for Mode 7 on a control and non-control day. The tendency for a temperature rise near the steam convection oven was confirmed thereby matching the measured values. Fig. 12 shows the concentration distribution of the staining material used for the case where unconditioned outside air was supplied to the outlet of the double hood system for a control and a non-control day. It can be seen the unconditioned outside air from the double hood is short-circuited by the air entering the exhaust hood and does not significantly migrate to kitchen space (see Fig. 12). The contaminant removal efficiency (CRE) of the room was determined by Equation 3. This confirmed that the CRE tends to be lower as the flow rate of raw outside air into the room increased (see Table 8).

 The aim of this study is to show the method of estimating the amount of energy consumed by facilities that can be reduced based on the data of the existing "visualization system" with the campus of "Hokkaido University of Science " as the development field.

 In addition, this research describes the development of an energy conservation support system with an interactive user interface function ("Interactive system") aimed at encouraging facility managers and users to conduct energy conservation. The results of the study are as follows:

 1) Based on the annual use record and actual measured values of energy consumption by time of the "Lecture Bldg.", the amount that can reduce the consumption energy of the facility was estimated as the amount of energy consumed by lighting equipment and ventilation equipment. The amount of energy that can be reduced is 7.5% of the annual energy consumption, 2.4% of the fuel consumption for air conditioning of the "Lecture Bldg.", and it is clear that we can expect the energy reduction effect by introducing the "Interactive system".

 2) The development of the "Interactive system" was carried out by the procedure of evaluating the existing "visualization system", estimating the energy consumption reduction effect by introducing the system, extracting the energy conservation measures, building the facility operation model, and creating the user interface .The "Interactive system" has functions of reading measurement data and facility operation status, analyzing / diagnosing functions according to set conditions, sending guidance messages, receiving facility use condition and thermal sensation of users.

 3) We introduced the "Interactive System" to the "Lecture Bldg." on the campus, and conducted experiments using facility managers, students, faculty and staff as monitors. From the evaluation of the effectiveness, usability and usability of the system by the user, we clarified that the interactive user interface function of this system is effective for inducing energy saving behavior of users.

 "Interactive system" is characterized by entrusting the execution of energy saving behavior to the judgment of the operation manager or facility user of the facility that received the guidance delivery.

 It does not require specialized facility managers, renewal of equipment and introduction of automatic control equipment.

 Therefore, it is a system that can be installed in buildings of all uses and scales and expected to reduce energy consumption even in buildings where energy saving measures are not progressing.

 We will continue to operate the introduced "Interactive system", confirm the operability and feeling of use and improve the system, and work to extract and improve the tasks for developing to other use facilities.

 In recent years, the thermal environment in urbanized areas is becoming increasingly severe for residents because of urban heat island effect and global warming. These phenomena are collectively regarded as urban warming. Consequently, some problems, such as loss of inhabitant’s comfortable life, increasing of the energy consumption for cooling, extreme weather event and health hazard will occur. Therefore, effort to mitigate urban warming effect is permeating for example establishing guideline by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.

 Such effects are also reported in Yokohama where is a target place of this study, and urban planning considering urban warming effect are demanded in urban masterplan of Yokohama. Urbanized areas in Yokohama are classified into flatland in coastal area and hilly area in inland. Inland area has complicated topography and a lot of small valleys called “Yato”. Generally, such valley area seems to be bad ventilation and heats tends to accumulate in valley because of its topographical characteristics. Therefore, urbanized Yato seems to tend to become more severe thermal environment than other urbanized area. On the other hand, in and around Yato, cold air drainage may be available to improve thermal environment during nighttime because of many forest areas in slope area of Yato.

 Therefore, understanding thermal and wind environment characteristics in hilly city including Yato and proposing planning guidelines (i.e. land use planning and natural resource utilizing planning) for every topography from the view point of urban warming effect mitigation is important to form sustainable urban environment in Yokohama.

 From such backgrounds, this study aims to understand thermal and wind environmental characteristics of hilly city including Yato and propose panning guidelines to mitigate urban warming effect. In this study, fixed point observation and numerical calculation by Multi-Scale Simulator for the Geoenvironment (MSSG) is used and present urban climate of hilly city is analyzed from these results. Furthermore, potential natural climate, in which building effect is removed and all present urbanized area is naturalized, is calculated by MSSG and potential climatic environments in hilly city are analyzed. Finally, planning guidelines for each topography in hilly city is proposed by using these results.

 The major findings are as follows:

 1) Thermal and wind environment is not good in flatland and good in plateau in present daytime.

 2) Valley is better thermal and wind environment than flatland, but local higher air temperature area exists in valley from observation results in present daytime.

 3) Air temperature is lower near slope green area because of cold air drainage from slope green, and it is higher in center of flatland far from slope green in present nighttime.

 4) Maximum effective distance of cold air drainage is estimated about 50m from observation result and about 270m from calculation results respectively, and these distances differ by topography, amount of green area and building density around each area.

 5) Potential wind environment is good during daytime, and rich effect of cold air drainage is expected during nighttime in flatland. So, making open space near exit of valley and along prevail wind direction is effective to mitigate thermal environment during daytime and nighttime.

 6) Improving ventilation isn’t effective to for valley, this is because potential wind environment during daytime is not good in this area because of topographical characteristics. On the other hand, decreasing building density and renaturalization is required to maximize effect of cold air drainage.