The evaluation structure for "the way of realizing expectations" with interior space by similarities in each evaluation item was able to be categorized with the evaluation grid method, and the possibility of understanding a value goal in each category by the categorized individual attributes and the characteristics of its evaluation structure was shown. In addition, it was found that the evaluation structure whose apex is a value goal shows an objective and concrete estimation based on intuitive understanding of the environment and background experience and knowledge; in addition, it was possible to show its relationship as the difference in characteristics of "differentiation" and "integration" of the evaluation structure in each category, as well as "evolution and the transformation" of the evaluation structure in each stage of professional expertise and experience acquired depending on the difference in the academic year of students and attributes of specialists.

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In this paper, the effects of different kinds of lights on dark spots of residential streets at nighttime are studied.
The measurements of illuminance on road surface and the subjective evaluation of the dark spots are carried out to investigate the distribution of dark spots. Based on the result, the dark spots can be classified into two types. One is seen over intense lights, e.g., the light from vending machine or shop. The recognizable distance of this type is long. The other is seen in low luminance spaces.
According to the result of the examination of pedestrian paths, it is obvious that people avoid these dark spots. This might mean that people feel uncomfortable toward these dark spots.
In conclusion, in order to decrease the number of dark spots, it is desirable to avoid that illuminance on road surface fluctuate rapidly.

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An optimal installation method of bonding wires for grounding a structure of a seismic isolated building by rubber isolators is investigated from a viewpoint of lightning surge. The following results are obtained from the research.
1. The inductance of the bonding wire determines the transient response of the building. A parallel wiring is proposed to reduce the overvoltage instead of the conventional coil-shape wiring.
2. The bonding wires should be installed at corner pillars for an equally distribution of the lightning current. It reasonably reduces an electromagnetic induction on information equipments.

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Ventilation is one of the most important techniques for cooling. However, the influence of humid must be taken into account when is ventilated under the hot and humid climate. In this paper, we discuss the passive cooling effect by the proposed ventilation mode which take account of humidity. The proposed ventilation mode are as follows: a ventilation mode where a plenty of natural ventilation operates when being outside air temperature during the period: 18°C ≤ AT ≤ 27°C (AT: ambient temperature) throughout the year. Next, then the passive cooling effect is discussed based on the results of a series of parametric simulation studies. The cooling effect is verified in four ways: (1) hourly discomfort index fluctuation without air-conditioning, (2) hourly discomfort index fluctuation with air-conditioning, (3) monthly latent heat load with air-conditioning throughout the year, and (4) possibility of surface condensation by ventilation.
The results are obtained as following:(1) Discomfort index large drop by ventilation mode in the nighttime, (2) ventilation mode reduce latent heat load. Furthermore, large thermal mass reduce latent heat load, and (3) large thermal mass reduces the fear of surface condensation.

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The ultimate aim for solution of global warming is to design net zero energy houses. In this study, considering house form and difference of household constitution we grasped the differences of effects of air conditioning and lighting energy consumption reduction of various measures such as building specification, occupant behavior and machinery. Then considering the energy consumption of household appliance, hot-water supply and kitchen and the photovoltaic power generation, we evaluated attainability of net zero energy. As a result, it was shown that attainability of net zero energy is high in detached house, row house and low-rise apartment house.

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Traditional method for measuring airborne bacterium is based on two procedures called sampling and incubation. Sampling normally involves drawing a sampler from an air stream or room by means of instruments based on impaction, liquid impingement and filtration. Incubation of agar plates typically requires several days. Though the traditional methods can identify the species of microorganisms, they can't obtain any information about suspended viable particles in real time.
The technology for real time detection of the presence of suspended viable particles was developed. In order to verify the performance of a new type measurement IMD (Instantaneous Microbial Detection, Bio Vigilant, Inc.), which is used to measure the concentrations of suspended particles with different size distribution based on optical technology and can simultaneously determine whether each particle is inert or biologic in real time. Not only laboratory tests by using latex particles (as a substitute for inert particles) and fluorescence particles (as a substitute for biologic particles) were conducted, but measurements on airborne microbes in six hospital waiting rooms, one office, and one residence were conducted by using an IMD and MG sampler (culture-based, slit type, Mattson-Garvin Inc.) in parallel.
Significant correlations between suspended bacterial concentration and biological particle concentration were obtained. The measurement results pointed out that the IMD can measure the fluctuation patterns of suspended bacterial particles in field environments in real time.

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This paper reports on the results of the survey of the restaurant where "Ventilation ceiling system" that doesn't set up the exhaust hood is adopted. The object of the investigation is a thermal environment in the kitchen, an electricity consumption of the kitchen appliances, and the state of the supply air and the exhaust air. The purpose of the study is from a relation between generation of heat and air-conditioning and ventilation to the examination of the thermal environment in the kitchen.
The results of a measurement of the exhaust air showed that the temperature changed gradually as the electricity consumption of the kitchen appliances increased. We showed that generation of heat from kitchen appliances had been efficiently exhausted from the relation between the electricity consumption of the kitchen appliances and the exhaust calorie. The result of a measurement of the thermal environment in the kitchen showed that the temperature rose gradually when kitchen appliances were frequently used. On the other hand, the relative humidity rose remarkably when the kitchen appliances were used and the cooking utensils were washed using the hot water. SET ^* became an evaluation of "It was a little warm" in summer, and became an evaluation of "Comfort" or "It is a little warm" in winter. It was shown that a thermal environment not bad was maintained as a working environment.

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This paper describes energy saving effects of the proposed system with active ventilation function and a heat pump for heat recovery. First, the air-temperature which supplied through the porous material by outdoor temperature was calculated using computational fluid dynamics to set the boundary conditions for energy simulation. Second, the cooling/heating loads were calculated using energy simulation for a typical residential building in Japan with various ventilation systems for comparison of energy-saving effects. In addition, in order to evaluate the energy-saving effects under different climatic conditions, the annual air-conditioning loads in several areas (Sapporo, Matsumoto, Tokyo and Kagoshima in Japan) were calculated. The calculated results showed that residential buildings with the proposed system could achieve energy savings of 4-23%. A comparison of different climatic conditions showed that the energy-saving rate was especially high in areas with a large annual temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor environment.

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Large-eddy simulations (LES) are performed on the reactive air pollutants dispersion in three kinds of urban street canyons that have various roof-heights levels. A line source that emits nitrogen monoxide (NO) is set on the bottom of the canyon space in each case. NO disperses on the cavity eddy and reacts with Ozone included in the free stream. The reaction has a significant influence on the concentration field of a city block scale. However its influence rate changes in different urban configurations, making magnitude relations between concentrations of Ozone, NO and the product are altered in three analysis cases.

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In this paper, results are shown from micro-climatological observations performed in and around a largest green space in central Tokyo, “Imperial Palace”, during summer. Its area is 230ha, and it was once the Edo-Castle, then surrounded by a moat.
In a clear calm night, the cool air flows out from the Imperial Palace to the surrounding city area gravitationally. Different from the daytime advection by prevailing wind, the turbulent mixing is very weak in nighttime seeping phenomena because of the stable atmospheric condition. In the west side, the cool air flows over the valley of moat (20m depth) and spreads out into the built-up area. In the east side, cool air front sometimes penetrates the adjacent CBD area and reach near the Tokyo Station. The wide streets have a larger effect on cool air seeping than the moat dose even though water temperature is higher than ambient air temperature.

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It is considered the relationship between the properties of urban block and radiant environment in the street canyon from the viewpoint of the appropriate introduction of urban heat island measure technologies. Calculation methods for the radiant heat transfer between walls and roads are explained according to Gebhart's radiant absorption coefficients and Monte Carlo method. The roads are classified in the south-north road, the east-west road and the crossing. The properties of urban block are expressed by aspect ratio. A simple street canyon model and a real street canyon model are selected for the examination objects. Distribution of surface temperature and solar radiation on the roof, the road and the wall are analyzed. It is a high priority for the urban heat island measures on the roof of the building which has large roof area. The priorities of the measures on the roof and the road are higher than that on the wall. The priority of the measures on the road is high in the case that the aspect ratio W/H of the street canyon is bigger than 1.5.

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Recently, concept of local production for local consumption has attracted attention as safety proofing in the agricultural field. The Woodmiles Forum was developed the concept of "Woodmiles" that is calculated by multiplying the transportation distance and weight of the lumber. Concept of "Woodmiles" is focused on the environmental impact of distribution. This indicator can calculate the effect of reducing the environmental impact of domestically used materials. This concept has the potential to induce environmentally friendly production. The CO₂ emissions which is cradle-to-grave of sawmill and house builder can be divided into two broad manufacturing and transportation process. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of reducing the environmentally impact of locally produced lumber for the construction of wooden houses. Results of CO₂ emissions per 1m³ lumber on the Niigata prefecture is 297.3kgCO₂/m³. Percentage of CO₂ emission of each process, lumber process is 78.0% which accounts for the majority.

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There are few public data sources for energy which are consumed at university facilities in Japan. So the authors have surveyed such energy data as have been stored in sixty national universities and have also collected the energy data in details only for the University of Tokyo. This paper describes some aspects which were analyzed and derived from the above energy data. Furthermore additional works were conducted for the University of Tokyo. Consequently two results were presented. Namely, one is the reduction potential concerning CO₂ emission for the university facilities, and the other is a guideline for planning and management of buildings and equipments in university facilities.

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It takes many years to recover the initial investment cost for installing housing insulation through savings from energy reduction (Energy Benefit: EB), since construction cost is very high in Japan. This long payback time is the major barrier to the promotion of well-insulated houses. However, it has been found that if Non-Energy Benefits (NEB) of well insulated houses, such as improvement in personal health, reduction of medical expenses and decline in absences from work are all taken into account, the time required to recover the initial investment cost would change from 29 to 16 years. Therefore recognition of NEB is expected to encourage residents to invest in residential thermal insulation. NEB of well-insulated houses is thus evaluated regarding human health in this study.

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Household attributes and electricity consumption of photo-voltaic-system owners and non-owners are investigated by using an internet questionnaire.It was found that the photo-voltaic-system owners have higher income and try to conserve energy more positively than the non-owners. The photo-voltaic-system owners positively invest in solar water heaters, insulated walls, double windows, and LED bulbs. Installed capacity of the majority of the photo-voltaic-systems ranges 3 to 4 kW. Most of the owners introduce the photovoltaic systems for the purpose of saving money on electricity when they build or rebuild their house.The electricity consumption in summer shows a statistically significant difference between the photo-voltaic-system owners and non-owners while the electricity consumptionin winter doesn't.

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