It is taken up fire damage area as a parameter about fire damage from the fire statistics data, grasped the distribution characteristic, and analyzed the influence which factors, such as a situation of the building management, the equipment for fire fighting, etc., have on fire damage area expansion of a fire building for several building use. It could use for evaluation of the item which influences expansion and control of a fire, and the fire damage deterrence effects, such as evaluation of the size of the influence, and equipment or the regulation effect by the statute, and for the fire risk assessment of a building further. The size of the item which influences expansion and control of a fire, and influence was analyzed by comparing the cumulative frequency distribution of the fire damage area created according to the situation of fire prevention building classification, structure, management, equipment, etc. using the coefficient of regression. If the result of this paper is examined still in detail, it may be applicable to evaluation of the fire damage deterrence effects, such as equipment, or the regulation , and also the fire risk assessment of a building.

抄録全体を表示

This paper presents collection of impulse response measured in various kinds of rooms and their evaluation of speech transmission performance. The purpose of this paper is to present following points; 1) To construct fundamental database of speech transmission performance for evaluation and design of sound environment for speech transmission. The database is consisted of 966 impulse responses. 2) To analyze collected data to provide range of objective measures such as reverberation time and speech transmission index, those are frequently used for evaluation of speech transmission performance in rooms. 3) To show the difference between with and without public address system by objective numbers for designing speech transmission performance in rooms with sound system. The main finding of this study is that reverberation time and other objective measures such as STI, C80, D50 and MTI are not correlated each other especially for cases with sound system. This suggests that these two groups of objective measures should be considered when designing and evaluating speech transmission performance in rooms.

抄録全体を表示

Iterative solvers are widely used for solving large systems of linear equations, and applied to the systems obtained with the acoustical FEM and BEM. In the present paper, the convergence behavior of the Krylov subspace iterative solvers towards the systems with the 3-D acoustical fast muftipole BEM, an efficient BEM based on the fast multipole algorithm, is investigated through numerical experiments. The convergence behavior of solvers is much affected by the formulation of the BEM (basic form (BF), normal derivative form (NDF) and Burton-Miller formulation), the complexity of the shape of the problem, and the sound absorption property of the boundaries. In BiCG-like solvers, GPBiCG and BiCGStab2 converge more stable than others, and these solvers are useful when solving interior problems using BF. When solving exterior problems with greatly complex shape using Burton-Miller formulation, all solvers hardly converge without preconditioning, whereas the convergence behavior is much improved with ILU-type preconditioning. In these cases GMRes is the fastest, whereas CGS is one of the good choices, when taken into account the difficulty of determining the timing of restart for GMRes. As for calculation for thin objects using NDF, much more rapid convergence is observed than ordinary interior/exterior problems, especially using BiCG-like solvers.

抄録全体を表示

This paper is a continuation of the paper "Formulation of Outdoor Daylight Illuminance in Nagoya District Based on the Data Collected by the Measurement" that was published in the Transactions of AIJ in September 2005. This paper describes a study on formulating eight kinds of daylight illuminance from half sky. Many factors affect these kinds of illuminance. In this paper, direction of half sky, weather, and solar altitude are taken as three dominant factors that affect these kinds of illuminance. After all, this paper presents a series of equations that can evaluate these eight kinds of illuminance by taking the above-mentioned three factors into account.

抄録全体を表示

The foundation insulation has been adopted in the moderate and humid climate region as in cold region. However, very little research is spent on the design policy and the use methods of the crawlspace in this climate condition. In this paper, five detached houses with the insulated foundation located in northern Kyushu, Japan, have been chosen as various cases for research. The heating system, details of thermal insulation and air-tightness in these five houses have been described. The influence of crawlspace design and utilization on thermal environment has been analyzed by using the measured data. According to the analyzing result, the foundation insulation detached house is well applicable in moderate and humid climate region. Furthermore, by the analysis on the thermal environment in winter, it is can be concluded that the utilization of the insulated crawlspace as an element of heating system is effective for this climate condition.

抄録全体を表示

Floor heating systems are recently coming into wide use in general Japanese houses. To apply the floor heating systems not only to general houses, but also to high-ceiling houses and large-scale facilities, we must clarify indoor air-temperature distributions and its formation processes in various shape and scale buildings with heating systems. We thus measured vertical air-temperature distributions at three actual houses of different ceiling heights, i.e., one storied house, house with an atrium, and gymnasium with hot-water floor heating systems. Moreover we cleared the air-temperature distribution in a general room with the floor heating system and its formation process by model experiment. Consequently, the followings were revealed regarding the houses. 1. Although the ceiling heights were different, the air-temperature distributions of the houses and model with the hot-water heating-floor systems were similar. 2. The temperature difference in vertical direction was small.

抄録全体を表示

Heat-island phenomenon has become obvious in urban area of recent years. Rooftop greening become a specific and effective measures of alleviating this problem. Maintenance easily vegetations such as sedam are applied to rooftop greening products initially, but recently there are many products using turf because it is important to evaporate from vegetations for reducing sensible heat flux of rooftop. Many previous studies mainly dealt with vegetations on the ground, but it's conceivable that rooftop greening products possess different characteristics from natural ones because of specific soil, watering system and so on. This paper presents heat and water budget characteristics of rooftop greening products based on long term actual measurement, reduction effect of heat-island by provisional estimation.

抄録全体を表示

In order to clarify the influence of air-conditioning on thermal performance, indoor temperature and humidity were measured in 17 houses with the healthy subjects and 6 houses with the patients of atopic dermatitis from 1999 to 2000 in Nagoya and Gifu cities. Air-conditioning decreased both indoor temperature and absolute humidity, but the dehumidification was larger than the decrease of indoor temperature. The cause of larger dehumidification seemed due to the differences of thermal capacity and moisture capacity of the houses. Hence, the effects of air-conditioning were evaluated on the base of the dehumidification. The houses with the patients tended to have larger dehumidfication, but lower decrease of indoor temperature, than the houses with the healthy subjects.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the influence of postures on the thermal insulation of clothing and the clothing area factor. Clothing area factors were measured by using the photographic method. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of posture and operative temperature on the thermal insulation of clothing. Thermal insulations of clothing were measured by using a thermal manikin varying postures. Five common body postures were used for these measurements: standing, chair sitting, cross-legged sitting, leg-out sitting and supine positions. It was clarified that measurements from all azimuth angle directions of the human body and different altitude angle directions were indispensable to determine the clothing area factor by using photographic method. It acquired that the posture affects the clothing area factor. The thermal insulation of clothing increased significantly with operative temperature. It acquired that the environmental temperature affects the thermal insulation of clothing. It was clarified that it was absolutely indispensable for evaluating the thermal environment to use the thermal insulations of clothing in postures.

抄録全体を表示

The water retentive pavement is effective in alleviating the summer heat in urban areas. The purpose of this experimental study is to estimate the thermal environment created by the water retentive pavement. The pavement used in this study is constructed using concrete block made of used thermal insulation foam. And the condition of this road surface is wet in the daytime under fine weather. The feed pump driven by solar power generation supplies stored rainwater toward this pavement. The main results of our outdoor experiment can be summarized as follows: 1) There is a good correlation between the surface temperature of the block and the ratio of water contained in the pavement. The water ratio calculated with empirical formula using the surface temperature measured under fine weather mostly agrees with the experimental value of the water ratio. 2) The alleviation effect of this pavement is generated in the afternoon. To put it concretely, in comparison with asphalt pavement on the windward side, the air temperature at a height of 1.1 meters decreased from 1 degree to 2 degrees. The maximum of decrease in SET at a height of 0.6 meters is 2 degrees lower than asphalt pavement on the same direction of the wind. However, there was no change in SET at a height of 1.1 meters. 3) The trend of deterioration produced by an increase of absolute humidity caused by the evaporation of the water retentive pavement is mostly negligible.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this study is to propose a simple and probabilistic method to predict both of the number of time when cross-ventilation is available and the energy conservation effect by cross-ventilation, which have important roles in cross-ventilation system planning. First, the simple model on available time of cross-ventilation was presented. On the basis of this model, we proposed the probabilistic model considering control conditions of outside temperature and wind velocity. Using the measurement results of statistical characteristics on indoor airflow and temperature in cross-ventilation state, the model was expanded into conditions of indoor temperature and airflow velocity. The conditions of the cross-ventilation time zone and indoor humidity were also examined. Second, statistical accuracy of the proposed model was examined by comparison with standard climate data in three cities. Finally, we presented the calculation results of energy conservation effect of cross-ventilation by this proposed model.

抄録全体を表示

The fluidity of eggshell particles represented the inorganic heavy materials and vegetable particles represented the organic light materials in disposer drainage were examined. The necessary flow velocity to sweep out the precipitated particles in a 1/100 declined piping was measured as over 0.3m/s for eggshells and over O.lm/s for carrot. The flow velocity distribution was found to reduce in area of about 20cm upper part from a vent and the values declined under the necessary sweep out flow velocity for eggshells and which induced the selective precipitation of eggshells in the area. Questionnaire surveys for disposer users showed that the prohibition for eggshell to throw into a disposer was not reduce the user acceptance and willing to pay value.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this study is to clarify the differences on the formation of thermal environment in Higashihiroshima city among three area types, such as Urban, Rural, and Around Irrigation Pond. The main measurements were carried out by the system of weather observation installed at Hiroshima University, ground surface temperature, and by self recording loggers of temperature and humidity in 24 shelter instruments spread in the city. In addition, several methods were taken for the analysis and three results were obtained as following. 1) By the temperatures measured in the 24 shelter instruments, the tendencies of the formation of temperature in each season were clarified. Especially on the analysis for the difference of the temperatures of Urban and Rural with considering the global solar radiation, the different tendencies of the formation of temperature in each area were grasped. 2) The tendency of artificial surface ground, which works as heat source toward the surrounding temperature, was grasped by multiple linear regression analysis based on the surface ground conditions. 3) The influence of the wind passing through irrigation pond to the thermal environment around was clarified by the detailed measurement at Shitami pond. The water surface works as cooling source in the daytime of spring and summer but works as heat source in the nieht time of autumn and winter.

抄録全体を表示

Planting of trees is the most useful technique to ease the outdoor thermal environment in summer. This paper describes a method to evaluate the shading effect of street tree on solar radiation based on field observation. In former part of this paper, the method to estimate parameters for evaluating the shading effect of tree crown on solar radiation is described. Using data from field observations of the amount of global solar radiation, solar radiant transmittance of tree crown, and sky view factor, we estimate leaf area density, optical length, and 'ak', that is the product of leaf area density and extinction coefficient, in this study. In the latter part of this paper, the authors evaluate the 'ak' of street trees in Fukui city, and examine the disposition of leaves in tree crown by the data from field observations of azimuth of leaves, inclination of leaves, and tree height. By these examinations, it is clarified that 'ak' is affected by tree species and growth of street tree.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this research is to understand the priority of parameters which dominate three-dimensional impressions of the Stereoscopic projection with depth information. Our final goal is to propose the standardized images which enable us to various Stereoscopic projection systems. We adopted the pupil distance, the texture of surfaces and the surface areas, as the parameters to correlate the depth information and dominate the three-dimensional impressions. Accordingly, we implemented experiments of subject rating regarding the evaluation of the images, which reflect these parameters. As a result of the experiment, we elucidated the contributions of each parameter. The texture of surfaces, in particular, had the strongest affects to the cognition of the three-dimensional impressions. A necessary task in the future would be a further analysis of these parameters, because the texture of surfaces is a qualitative parameter, so that we can achieve our final goal.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of brightness and loudness of the background music on interpersonal communications in a cafe. An investigation to observe the conversational behavior of subjects, and an experiment to estimate suitability of lighting and sound environments for various behaviors were carried out under four different conditions. The principle results are summarized as follows. 1. Women tended to have more frequent eye contact than men under every condition. 2. Men tended to talk considerably under low illumination, and women tended to talk more under conditions of low sound volume. 3. Men tended to bend forward under high illumination, and women tended to bend forward under low illumination. 4. There were combined effects of illumination and music loudness on the evaluation of usage behaviors. For example, studying was appropriate in bright and quiet condition.

抄録全体を表示

After the abolish of special restriction of the minimum height of ceiling in shool rooom at November 2005, it can be said that the importance studying the influence of ceiling height of school room on its physical and psychological environment has become much greater. Thus experimental research was carried out in temporary school rooms of three ceiling height (2.4m, 2.7m and 3.0m) where students of junior high school evaluated its environment, in addition to the measurement of its acoustic and daylighting environment. As a result, the relation between students' subjective evaluation and the difference of physhical environment was not clear, however, it can be said that students distinguished evidently the difference of the rooms in terms of subjective preference and spacial impressions. Those differences are larger between the lowest height and other two height than between the highest and the second.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this study is to clarify the evaluation of residential building for elderly from the viewpoint of barrier-free environment. There are two aspects in barrier-free design. They are sensory and physical aspects. We conducted the questionnaire survey to the elderly and middle-age subjects. We examined to compare the importance and satisfaction rating of environmental factors in 4 groups classified according to age stages (young-middle; under 54years old, middle; 55-64years old, young-old; 65-74 years old, old-old; over 75 years old) The satisfaction of physical barrier-free and thermal environment are lower in old-old than young -old subjects. This result suggest that it is necessary to research from the viewpoint of sensory barrier-free environment.

抄録全体を表示

The effects of roadside trees on outdoor thermal environment and air quality within the street canyons in the central part of Sendai city were numerically investigated by CFD analyses coupled with calculations of radiation and conduction. Several cases of analyses were carried out to clarity the effects of tree arrangement, density of trees, elevations and shapes of tree crowns. Five equations: (a) transport equation of momentum, (b) transport equation of heat, (c) transport equation of moisture, (d) transport equation of contaminant gas and (e) heat transfer equation by radiation were solved. The tree canopy model optimized by the present authors was used to reproduce the aerodynamic and thermal effects of trees. The situation where trees were not planted was also simulated for comparison. The results showed very complex effects of roadside trees.

抄録全体を表示

The familiarity of the agent cell is set up about five kinds of land use, and the agent cells take three kinds of strategy: egoism, altruism and reciprocity. It is supposed that the agent cells act corresponding to the familiarity and the strategies. The formation of agent cells are simulated by the cellular automata method. A self organization emerged on the egoism strategy and the altruism strategy, but did not on the reciprocity strategy clearly at the author's previous study. The aim of this study clarifies the characteristics of formation of agent cells by the reciprocity strategy in detail. The familiarities were set according the actual land use rule at this study. The result shows that the reciprocity strategy makes the agent cells the self-organization and the simulation used the familiarities reproduce an actual land use form.

抄録全体を表示

Followings are the results from this study, 1) The Gifu prefecture is made up five river basin regions. Timber resources and local timber industries are characteristic of each river basin region. 2) In the Nagara river basin region, artificial Japanese cedar accounts for 24.0 of whole forest area. In this river basin region, timber industries have not developed making the most of the cedar. 3) The contribution of local timber house industries towards timber resources accounts for 13.5%. The contribution of the industries towards the local resources is extremely small in the Nagara river basin region.

抄録全体を表示