In recent years, tourism has gradually developed into an important industry to solve various problems in Japan and to promote the development of its economy. However, with such problems like the decline of its population as well as aging, now it is difficult for Japan to expand its domestic demand. Under such circumstances, in order to attract more tourists, it is necessary to increase the number of foreign tourists to Japan. Therefore, in order to obtain some basic information about the ways to attract Chinese tourists in the future, we took Chinese students as subjects and conducted a landscape evaluation experiment with text information. By comparing with the results of psychological evaluation experiment of landscape images, the influence of text information on the evaluation of landscape images is clarified.

 The following conclusions can be drawn from the study.

 ● The trend of comprehensive evaluation was generally similar between the "text + image" and "only image" modes. However, the "text + image" mode had a higher evaluation than the "only image" mode. For most landscapes, the comprehensive evaluation items had been improved by providing text information. Especially the evaluation of“Willingness to visit”about artificial landscapes had been remarkably improved. The reason was that the subjects could know the landscapes were Japanese or Hiroshima by reading the text information.

 ● According to the correlation coefficients between the comprehensive evaluation items, "Likeness of Japan" was related to "Willingness to visit" and "Likeness of homeland" in the "text + image" mode, while there was no such relationship in the "only image" mode. Through text information, subjects’ understanding of Japan had been changed, and the judgment of homeland had become complicated.

 ● The factor analysis was applied to the data, and this was combined with the image evaluation of the two subject groups. Based on the pairs of bipolar adjectives with high factor loadings, factor one to four extracted were interpreted as "Pleasantness· openness", "Inherency", "Traditionality" and "Harmony" respectively. The results showed that in the mode of "text + image", "Likeness of Japan" was related to "Inherency".

 ● SEM analysis showed that the biggest difference was the influence of "Japanese characteristics" on "Preference". In the mode of "text + image", "Inherency" affected "Preference" indirectly through "Japanese characteristics". Because the text information which shows the features of the landscape made the subjects realize the "Japanese characteristics" of the landscapes, their willingness to visit is aroused.

 From the results, the similarities and differences between the two subject groups were obtained. Especially in the mode of "text + image", the text information of the tourism landscape might have affected the evaluation positively. Therefore, in order to make the subjects understand the Japanese characteristics of the landscape, it is necessary to clarify that what kind of text contents can reflect the "Inherency" of landscape better.

 Climate warming appears markedly in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Global Warming Prediction Information of the Meteorological Agency.

 The authors anticipate that the outdoor temperature will rise in the future.

 We attempted to verify the influence of the weather fluctuation of the cooling and heating loads with the recent rise in temperature. For this time, the calculation time interval was set to one minute interval from the conventional 1 hour interval so that detailed setting of air conditioning operation pattern and indoor lighting pattern can be made. We reported the recent changes of observation data of JMA at 30 points including Tokyo and annual heat load simulation, and summarized the secular change of instantaneous peak load and annual cooling / heating load.

 Following is the knowledge gained from this study.

 ・The simulation was carried out this time due to the secular change of the annual cooling load. The annual cooling load increases at 28 points excluding Choshi and Hiroshima out of 30 points. The most increased points are Naha 1.783 (GJ / year) at Level 2 and 0.974 (GJ / Year) of Hakodate. Tokyo is 0.857 (GJ / year) and it is the fourth largest.

 ・The number of points decrease due to aged deterioration of the annual heating load at 16 points increased at 14 points. The most reduced points are Sendai 1.109 (GJ / year) in Level 2, then Wakkanai 1.006 (GJ / Year). Tokyo increased by 0.041 (GJ / year). Eight divisions tend to increase. Year increase is small.

 ・There are 23 points clearly increase by the secular change of the instantaneous cooling peak load and 3 points are decreased. The highest increase is at Hakodate 0.312 (kW / year) at Level 2, then Wakkanai at 0.232 (kW / year). Tokyo has increased by 0.143 (kW / year).

 ・There are 8 points clearly decreased by the secular change of instantaneous heating peak load, and 11 points increased. At the level 2, Sendai 0.3902 (kW / yr), Aomori 0.1228 (kW / yr), and Tokyo increases by 0.028 (kW / yr).

 In Japan, late elderly (≥75 years old) individuals tend to difficulty forming social groups due to declining physical function and health. Previous studies have shown that people who have a third place (a communal location outside the home that people can freely visit and spend time in) are significantly more outgoing and have more interpersonal conversation. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the third place and the risk for long-term care/support in the late elderly. We conducted a questionnaire survey for 3 weeks from September to October 2016. Targets were late elderly in Takasu, Kitakyushu City. Survey contents included their utilization of third places, their neighborhood environment, and health status. A total of 629 questionnaires were distributed by mail, and 349 were correctly completed (valid response rate = 55.5%).

 A total of 58.6% of respondents were able to identify a third place, 75.6% of whom visit their third place more than once a week. Additionally, 35.7% of the participants gave responses to the Kaigo-Yobo Check List indicating a high risk of needing long-term care. Samples for analysis (n=153) excluded people with certification of long-term care/support need, those unable to leave the house, and those with missing data. Ordered Mann–Whitney U test showed that having a third place had a statistically significant positive association with frequency of going out (p<0.01), frequency of having conversations (p<0.01), Kaigo-Yobo Check List score, and Geriatric Depression Scale-5 score (p<0.01). We therefore conducted logistic regression analysis to clarify the effect of having a third place on the risk of shut-in behavior (defined as leaving the house less than once a week), social isolation (defined as having conversation less than once a week), long-term care/support need, and depressive symptoms. The analysis model considered age, body mass index, marital status, physical pain, household structure, educational attainment, and length of residence in the area. The model for long-term care/support need and depressive symptoms was adjusted for shut-in behavior and social isolation. Odds ratio (OR) for risk of shut-in behavior was 8.46 (p<0.01), OR for risk of social isolation was 4.40 (p<0.01), and OR for risk of needing long-term care/support was 3.70 (p<0.01); however, presence of a third place was not related to depressive symptoms.

 We also analyzed the relationship between neighborhood environment and presence of a third place. Ordered multilevel logistic regression analysis revealed that for late elderly, living in a neighbourhood with a higher perceived flower bed was positively associated with having third place.

 In summary, this study had two major findings. First, not having a third place was strongly associated with high risk of needing long-term care/support. Secondly, it is highly likely that improvement of the neighborhood environment affects the creation of third places, which our study found reduces the risk of needing long-term care/support.

 In order to estimate the association between indoor environment and occupants health problems related to feeling dryness during winter, indoor thermal environment, air quality and occupant behaviors have been investigated through questionnaire in all over Japan. This paper firstly describes investigated results of questionnaire on moisture sensation in indoor and occupants health problems related to feeling dryness. Secondly the influencing factors on health problems were analyzed using a multi-regression analysis method. Finally indoor temperature, humidity and VOCs in houses with health problems related to feeling dryness were estimated using measured results, which were got just after questionnaire survey. The results are shown as follows;

 In total more 50% of the house occupants felt dry. It is also indicated that 37.1% in total of the occupants replied that the dryness of indoor air was problems. The reasons for problems related the dryness are “influence of heath” (22.8%), “uncomfortable” (17.4%) and “damage of building” (2.4%). The occupants answering “influence health” mentioned reasons such as “dryness of nose, throat and skin”, “easy to catch a cold”, etc.

 We assessed the association between the adverse health symptoms (dryness of upper airway and dryness of only upper airway, eyes and skin) related to dry feeling and several indoor environmental factors that influenced indoor dryness. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression model adjusted for gender and age. Adjusted ORs for dryness of only upper airway were statistically significant in intermittently heating operation (OR = 0.45, p < 0.001). Based on this analysis, the health symptom of upper airway related to dryness was possibility affected by the stable environment of indoor temperature during heating season. Moreover, adjusted ORs for dryness of uppers airway, eyes and skin were statistically significant for perception of odor in indoor (OR = 2.09, p < 0.001). It indicated that the adverse health symptoms related to dry feeling doesn't depend on not only low relative humidity but also indoor air pollution.

 The analysis on the relationship between dry feeling and indoor environment shows that the dry feeling doesn’t depend on indoor temperature, relative humidity and VOCs. Namely, some occupants felt dryness in the houses with relative humidity of more than 40%. In particular, the relative humidity of houses in which occupants answering “influence of health” from the dry feeling lived was not always lower than that of houses without health damage from the dry feeling. And the relative humidity of houses with experience of static electricity in indoor was significantly the lowest among other houses. The static electricity was said to occur in case of less than 40% relative humidity, and occupant reports of the static electricity occurrence corresponded with low relative humidity in indoor.

 It was revealed that the health damage related to dry feeling was not associated with a single factor of exposed indoor temperature, relative humidity and TVOC. This result presents the adverse heath symptoms from occupants dry feeling may be influenced by multiple indoor environmental factors other than humidity.

 Various methods exist for analysis and design of rigid-foldable origami. However, the crease pattern generated by an existing general method is often too complicated to apply to deployable structures in architecture. Furthermore, it is difficult to obtain various crease patterns using typical crease patterns such as generalized Miura-ori or waterbomb tessellations. Thus, we present a method for generating a rigid-foldable polyhedron that approximates a curved surface with a simple crease pattern. We consider developability and rigid-foldability of polyhedron, but we do not consider flat foldability.

 Sums of angles between adjacent crease lines around each interior vertex of a developable polyhedral origami are equal to 2π. However, it is difficult to directly obtain a shape of the polyhedron which satisfies this condition. Therefore, we formulate an optimization problem that minimize the sum of errors of angles at vertices. Optimization starts from a triangulated curved surface to be approximated by a polyhedral origami, and constraints are sequentially assigned to reduce the degree of freedom (DOF). A polyhedron with quadrilateral flat facets is generated by assigning condition so that the specified pair of adjacent triangle facets have parallel normal vectors, and by removing the crease lines between them. The existence of infinitesimal folding mechanism is confirmed by singular value decomposition, and large-deformation analysis is carried out to confirm that the polyhedron can be continuously developed to a plane and rigid-foldable.

 A frame model enables to use the same variables in form generation, evaluation of kinematic indeterminacy, and large-deformation analysis using a general finite element analysis software. In a frame model, a polyhedral origami is modeled with frame elements connecting the node on a crease line or an outer edge and the node in a facet. Frame elements are connected by hinges on crease lines and rigidly connected in facets. Variables of a frame model are coordinates of nodes on crease lines and outer edges, and we can arbitrarily define coordinates of nodes in facets. In fact, coordinates of nodes on crease lines and outer edges are not independent of each other. Constraints should be satisfied such that both ends of the edge shared by adjacent triangle facet meets at the same points. Therefore, we can reduce the number of variables, and it is proved that the reduced number of variables is the same as the number of coordinates of the polyhedron’s vertices.

 The optimization problem for form generation formulated above is independent of a method for triangulation of the target surface or a method for modeling a polyhedron. As an example, we show a method to triangulate a curved surface in a form of grid. In this method, we arrange division points in grid pattern and connect them vertically, horizontally, and diagonally. We applied the optimization method and this triangulation method to two kinds of curved surface with positive and negative Gaussian curvature, respectively. We triangulated them into 4x4 grids and obtained several optimized shapes which have different DOFs according to the number of removed crease lines. It has been confirmed by a large-deformation analysis that the 6-DOF polyhedron whose seven crease lines are removed is developable and rigid-foldable.

 It has been concluded from the numerical examples that polyhedra with various shapes can be generated using the proposed optimization. The DOF of mechanism can be easily reduced by assigning constraint to remove the crease lines to generate quadrilateral faces. The frame model is very useful to use the same variable through the all process of obtaining a developable and rigid-foldable polyhedron.