Increasing the workplace productivity of workers has great economic value and is essential for achieving a sustainable society and economic progress. One way to increase workplace productivity is to improve the work environment, which is important because of its strong influence on workers. The work environment can be improved by using air conditioning to change the thermal environment. In Japan, radiant air-conditioning has received attention as a means to realize energy-saving buildings. However, the difference between the effects of radiant air-conditioning vs. convective air-conditioning on the human body is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we examined these effects on the physiology, psychology, and workplace productivity of workers.

 In February 2019, we conducted a 5-day experiment with 24 university students (12 males, 12 females). Rooms simulating office conditions were equipped with either a radiant or convection unified air-conditioning system (unified SET^*, 27.2°C). In the rooms, the students simulated work such as typing, performing calculations, and creating mind maps between 9:00 and 17:00, changing rooms each day. Physiological measurements such as skin temperature were taken to evaluate stress levels, and a questionnaire was completed by the students to determine perceived comfort. Workplace productivity was evaluated based on the results of the simulated work and questionnaires.

 The following findings were obtained by this experiment.

 1. The skin temperature difference between hands and face (hand-face) was significantly greater in convection air conditioning than in radiant air conditioning for both male and female. It was confirmed that the decrease in the skin surface temperature of the hand with respect to the face had a correlation with psychological quantities such as a decrease in thermal environment satisfaction, a decrease in air flow comfort, and an increase in subjective symptoms.

 2. Thermal environment satisfaction was significantly improved in male during convection air conditioning and in female during radiant air conditioning.

 3. Thermal environment satisfaction had the strongest correlation with airflow velocity. Focusing on the correlation between thermal environment satisfaction and air velocity during convection air conditioning, positive correlations were found for male and negative correlations for female, confirming different trends for male and female.

 4. Focusing on airflow speed and airflow comfort, male tended to improve airflow comfort slightly when airflow speed was high, whereas female showed a marked decrease in airflow comfort when airflow speed was high. The preference for airflow was different between male and female.

 5. The more comfortable the air flow was, the less fatigue was felt.

 6. For female, comparing radiant air conditioning with convection air conditioning, convection air conditioning increased the rate of "yawning" subjective symptoms by 17.6% and "sleeping" by 8.3%. Other complaints regarding fatigue were also increasing, and it is considered that the unpleasant airflow led to drowsiness and fatigue.

 7. Regarding work performance, we performed a multi-level logistic regression analysis with fatigue as an explanatory variable. The ratio of work scores "individual deviation value of 50 or more" is 2.0 to 2.9 times significantly higher when not feeling fatigued than when feeling fatigued in calculation, typing, mind map and all simulated work.

 In the Law for the Groups of Traditional Buildings amended in 1975, the plan of improving and preserving historical townscape is not limited to the consideration of the historical buildings, but also the harmony and the uniqueness of the whole townscape. Previous studies on townscape-improvement have considered the policies and courses, but few studies have clarified the influence of the improvement on psychological evaluation.

 Therefore, in this study, we focus on the street of Saijo Sakagura Area in Hiroshima, which has rich historical elements and sake brewing cultures. After investigating the current state of street sceneries, we conducted the experiment by using improved sceneries which were manipulated by Adobe Photoshop CS and original sceneries. The contents of townscape-improvement were ①Erasing utility poles and electrical cables, ②Erasing signs and flags or changing signs' colors, ③Changing from asphalt-paving roads to stone-paving roads. Furthermore, we used two presentation methods, expecting to understand the difference of the evaluation more deeply, and to identify the differences between the two methodologies.

 The following conclusions can be drawn from the study.

 About the current state of the street sceneries:

 1) The street sceneries of Saijo Sakagura Area were roughly divided into four types: nature townscapes, back-alley townscapes, built-up area townscapes, and sake brewery townscapes. Built-up area townscapes and sake brewery townscapes can be recognized as the primary types in the area.

 2) According to the image evaluation experiment, four factors were extracted, and the characteristics of each factor were identified.

 3) “Buildings”, “Utility poles and electrical cables”, “Signs and flags”, “Roads”, etc. are listed as the elements which reduced the overall impression of the townscape.

 About the influence of townscape-improvement:

 1) It shows a similar evaluation between improved and original sceneries in random presentation. As for the evaluation for each method of improvement, ①Erasing utility poles and electrical cables, is effective only in terms of “Openness”. ②Erasing signs and flags or changing signs' colors don’t obtain positive evaluation, so it seems that this method of improvement adopted this time is not applicable to Saijo Sakagura Area. ③Changing from asphalt-paving roads to stone-paving roads is most effective among the three methods, which is especially related to the improvement of “Preference” and “Walkability”.

 2) In the situation of presenting the improved and original sceneries at the same time and letting subjects aware of the changes, it can be found that the subjects positively evaluated the effect of ①Erasing utility poles and electrical cables. By ②Erasing signs and flags or changing signs' colors, although the “Preference” is relatively highly evaluated compared to other items, it is evaluated in the minus side overall. It can be pointed out that the content and method of the image processing may have the opposite effect. In addition, high effectiveness is found in sceneries where road maintenances are inadequate, or where traditional buildings exist.

 3) By comparing the evaluation between the two presentation methods, there was a large difference in the evaluation depending on the visual impression. So, it can be seen that when visitors pass through the street, their impressions of the street may similar to the results of random presentation, whereas in the case of simultaneous presentation, it is possible to extract the effects of townscape-improvement and street maintenance more clearly.

 In buildings such as condominiums and hotels, the sound insulation performance of floor impact sounds has been of great importance. For the provider of buildings, it is important to quantify the sound insulation performance of floor impact sounds of buildings in comparable methods. Existing evaluation methods using standardized floor impact sources have been developed mainly to achieve this objective. On the other hand, it is important for the occupants how they feel psychologically for the floor impact sound itself.

 It was pointed out that the existing evaluation methods using the L-curve defined in the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) did not always correspond well to psychological ratings. Therefore, the maximum sound level with ‘A’ frequency weighting and ‘Fast’ time weighting (L_AFmax) was proposed as an alternative physical index in the past studies. In those studies, the heavy and the light floor impact sounds were separately investigated according to the measurement methods defined in the JIS, but such categorization is not indispensable in psychological evaluation of floor impact sound itself.

 In the present study, a psychological evaluation test was carried out using floor impact sounds modeled by a simple way, just varying peak frequencies, rather than focusing on the heavy and light categorization of floor impact sounds. The listeners were instructed to imagine that they are in a living room, and they evaluated the degree of distracting depending on environmental sounds containing floor impact sounds while reading a short story. The results showed that the degree of distracting was different even when L_AFmax of the floor impact sounds was aligned, and the degree of distracting was higher for the floor impact sounds with low frequency components such as 63 Hz and 125 Hz octave bands. Furthermore, comparison of the degree of distracting with other physical indices proposed in previous studies showed that the total exposure to sounds may correspond better to the degree of distracting than the maximum sound pressure level. Based on these results, we proposed the integrated time-varying loudness (N_int), and N_int was corresponded better to the degree of distracting than the other physical indices. We also proposed a method to correct L_AFmax by using the center frequency of the band which mainly determines L_AFmax so that it uniquely corresponds to N_int. This correction method was effective for a part of the floor impact sounds used in this study. Whether this method can be applied to other floor impact sounds is a subject for further study.

 In this paper, we study a practical method for predicting the light-weight floor impact sound level reduction of a dry floating floor. In the laboratory, we conducted an experiment to check the correspondence between the measured and the calculated value. The calculated value of the light-weight floor impact sound level reduction amount of the dry floating floor consists of the following three items.

 (1) Change in impact exposure level due to different floor structures

 (2) Vibration damping in dry floating floor boards

 (3) Vibration reduction effect when vibration is transmitted from the dry floating floor to the slab

 We proposed the total amount of vibration reduction. The total vibration reduction is obtained by synthesizing the vibration reduction of the general part and the floor end according to the ratio of the number of supporting legs. The correspondence between the calculated and the measured values was verified for 9 cases. The 9 cases differ in the floor boards, rubber of the general part and the floor end part, etc. The correlation coefficient between the calculated and the measured value of the light-weight floor impact sound level reduction (63 to 1k Hz (1/1 Oct.)) was 0.97. The validity was confirmed by testing the correlation coefficient.

 Introduction

 In 2015, the United Nations Summit adopted the Sustainable Development Goals. The goals are divided into 17 agenda. To achieve these goals, the improvement of the living environment can contribute to many, because it affects a wide range of areas, such as poverty, health, equality, energy, sustainability, and climate change. Hokkaido in Japan is a snowy cold region, so we must tackle this tough climate. Furthermore, local cities in Hokkaido are facing population decreasing problems and exhausted fiscally. In this context, they must use their limited resources properly. Besides, they need the scheme of evaluating environmental policy. Therefore, this research focuses on the economic ripple effects in the regional area as one index of evaluation for environmental measures. Its purpose is to acquire useful knowledge for taking an appropriate political decision.

 Method

 In this research, we set the Nakasorachi area in Hokkaido as a region for analysis. To calculate economic ripple effects in the area, we made out the regional Input-Output Table (IO) based on the 2005 Hokkaido IO. According to the analysis of the IO, we were able to estimate that wooden construction and wood-biomass energy have a high economic impact on the region.

 We selected three collective housing as a model home and analyzed the economic ripple effect on the region by insulation, structure, and heating energy. The types of housing are (1) Thick insulated wooden collective housing, (2) Wooden standard collective housing, and (3) Reinforced-concrete standard collective housing. The U-value of (1) is 0.31. Therefore, (1) should become the standard for collective housing in Hokkaido in the future. (2) is a standard wooden collective housing currently being built in Hokkaido. (U-value=0.46) The U-value of (3) is the same as (2) but the structure is different.

 To estimate the economic ripple effect, Firstly, we categorized wood as a building material and as a fuel in three different cases. The Number of the category is three. These are 100% local timber, local and non-local mixed timber, and 100% non-local timber. Secondly, we estimated the economic ripple effect amount by the housing model and compared it with its cost. We set the building operation period as 60 years. Finally, to determine the economic ripple effect magnification, we divided the economic ripple effect amount by its cost.

 Conclusion

 1) In the case of using Kerosene as fuel and not depending on the 100% non-local timber, the thick insulated wooden housing bore a higher economic ripple effect magnification ratio.

 2) In the case of using P_w as fuel, the economic ripple effect magnification ratio was higher when using the 100% local timber. However, in some cases, lower quality housing has a higher effect. According to this result, evaluating an environmental scheme by the one-side view as an economic ripple effect is difficult. Therefore, we need the method of multidimensional evaluation such as the sustainability of the forest industry, human health care, and the self-sufficient ratio of the heating energy.

 3) In terms of sustainable forestry, we inferred that there is a limit to the amount of woody biomass energy available in the region. Therefore, the construction of environmentally friendly housing is an appropriate measure for the local economy.

 Previous studies employed thermal comfort or heatstroke risk indices (SET^*, WBGT, PET, etc.) to assess the outdoor thermal environment, and it was considered that people felt uncomfortable and the health hazard risk was high where such indices were higher than the threshold values. However, in urban streets, people often walk around and do not stay in the same place for prolonged periods. Thus, even when there are extremely hot points in the evaluation area, it is unlikely that these areas lead to the degradation of thermal comfort or health hazards if pedestrians pass through such points quickly. In this study, physical environments and human physiological responses were measured simultaneously to reveal the effect of radiant environments and human activities on human physiological responses.

 Field measurements were performed in pedestrian spaces within the premises of Tohoku University in the summer of 2016 – 2019 on 73 male subjects. The subjects wore clothes attached with instruments to measure the physiological variables (skin temperature, core temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and amount of sweat) and walked with a cart attached with the instruments to measure the meteorological variables (air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, and short- and long-wave radiation).

 The cases were categorized into 4 types based on the mean radiant temperature (MRT) and state of human activity, i.e., (A) standing in a low MRT environment, (B) standing in a high MRT environment, (C) walking in a low MRT environment, and (D) walking in a high MRT environment. Additionally, the physiological responses of subjects who were walking in a high MRT environment and later made to stand in a low MRT environment were measured to evaluate the physiological responses when pedestrians rested in the shade of buildings or trees after walking in the sun.

 By comparing Types (A) and (C), we observed that the increase in skin temperature of the lower arm and back of the hand was small while walking in a low MRT environment. As these parts were not covered by clothes, they were considered to be strongly affected by the increase in convective heat loss while walking. Moreover, the increase in skin temperature while walking was large in the lower body. It was considered that the blood flow rate related to the heat transport increased in the lower body, i.e., the highly active part while walking. The increase in core temperature in Type (C) was larger than that in Type (A) because of increased thermogenesis while walking. By comparing Types (B) and (D), we observed that the increase in skin temperature of lower arm, and back of hand was small while walking in a high MRT environment. This is similar to that observed in a low MRT environment. In contrast, the increase in core temperature in Type (B) was larger than that in Type (D) in the low MRT environment. An increase in the amount of sweat and heat transported from the core to the skin due to increased blood flow rate during walking.

 For subjects who were walking in a high MRT environment and later made to stand in a low MRT environment, the rise in skin and core temperature declined owing to the low MRT environment and state of human activity from walking to standing, i.e., the decrease in the thermal load of pedestrians due to these effects.

 Many researchers have reported on the relationship between indoor environmental quality and workplace productivity. However, previous studies have focused on analyses using the average of workplace productivity of multiple workers. On the other hand, Pareto, an economist, pointed to the “Pareto’s law”, or “80-20 law”, which states that most of the outcomes of a group depend on the efforts and contributions of a minority. In the field of occupational health psychology, recently, improving the quality of worker productivity has been discussed, and the concept of work engagement has been proposed as an opposing concept to burnout. It has reported that the workers with high work engagement have vitality for work, and they are actively involved in their work. Therefore, it is expected that some workers with high work engagement can fulfill their ability, in turn, contribute significantly to improved collective productivity. However, there are few studies that incorporate work engagement and “Pareto’s law” to evaluate workplace productivity in the field of architectural environmental engineering. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of building wellness performance on the productivity of office worker, focusing on work engagement and “Pareto’s law”.

 In six offices with different CASBEE-Wellness Office (CASBEE-WO) scores, a questionnaire survey on indoor environment satisfaction, work efficiency, CASBEE-Office Health Checklist (CASBEE-OHC) simplified version, and work engagement were conducted.

 The results revealed that most workers in offices with high wellness performance reported more satisfaction with the thermal, light, sound, and air quality environments. In addition, the overall indoor environment improved the work efficiency of workers. Moreover, workers in offices with high CASBEE-WO scores tended to have high CASBEE-OHC simplified version scores. On the other hand, there was no clear relationship between wellness performance of office and work engagement. Additionally, among workers with high work engagement, there was a mix of low and high scores on the CASBEE-OHC simplified version. This was because even among those who were dedicated to their work and strive to achieve a lot, some workers were dissatisfied with the indoor environment quality of the office. It might be possible that their productivity was not fully realized because they were dissatisfied with the indoor environment quality. However, in the offices with high CASBEE-WO scores, the top 20% of workers with high work engagement tended to have higher CASBEE-OHC simplified version scores than the other 80% of workers. They particularly evaluated the positive factors of the CASBEE-OHC simplified version. According to “Pareto’s law”, most of the outcomes of a group depend on the top 20% of productive workers. Thus, considering the wellness performance of the office, it may be possible that the productivity of workers with high work engagement will be improved. In turn, this will contribute to improve the productivity at the organizational level.

 This paper is the second report of research aiming to establish the method of evaluation and measurement of the new constructed building odor based on electronic nose analysis.

 In the previous report, the cause of the new constructed building odor was the floor part where the construction area was smaller than the wall and ceiling part. Therefore, the authors thought it necessary to understand the size of the emission rate of odor.

 If the emission rate of odor is known, the new constructed building odor may be suppressed by limiting the area of use of building materials that have a high rate of emission. For example, like formaldehyde in Building Standard Act.

 This paper reports the results of a study on the control method of the new constructed building odor based on the emission rate of odor. In the first stage of the research, a method of estimating the emission rate of odor from the mass balance equation was examined with reference to the formaldehyde method (HBF equation). Secondly, a method of identifying the building materials that have a large impact on the new constructed building odor based on the emission rate of odor was examined. Finally, the validity of the proposed method was verified from the measurement results of odor similarity and VOCs concentration.

 The following results were obtained.

 1. The emission rate of odor can be measured in the same way as formaldehyde. Furthermore, the emission rate of odor can be estimated at any N / L value.

 2. The estimation results of the odor emission rate were highly accurate. In addition, the estimation results of the amount of odor emission when the N / L value is approximately 2 or less is highly accurate. However, the estimation results when the N / L value is large has a large error.

 3. The cause site of the new constructed building odor estimated from the emission rate of odor was in agree with the measurement results of odor similarity and VOCs concentration.

 Based on the above findings, a method of identifying the building materials that have a large impact on the new constructed building odor based on the emission rate of odor was confirmed to be valid.

 In recent years, the installation of private booths as places to concentrate when working alone in offices has been increasing due to the diversification of working styles and promotion of activity-based working. Because unspecified people utilize such booths, it is desirable to install a personal air conditioning system that enables them to adjust their preferred thermal environment in the booth. Therefore, in this study, a personal air conditioning system for private booths has been proposed. This system installed in combination with an underfloor air conditioning system, blows conditioned air from under the floor along a booth wall. Air volume and wind direction are adjusted by a cross flow fan and by an adjustment plate attached to the wall of the booth, respectively.

 In this paper, we conducted PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) by using a full-scale mock-up of a private booth and the personal air conditioning system. The PIV measurement aimed to investigate the airflow characteristics, the wind direction adjusting mechanism and the effects of factors such as the dimensions or attached height of the adjustment plate and the supply air volume to the characteristics. In addition, as a basic material to enable application to various booth spaces with different shapes or dimensions, we attempted to estimate the airflow trajectory of the personal air conditioning system using the PIV results and the jet theory. The results can be summarized as follows.

 1) PIV measurement results using the mock-up confirmed that changing the attached height of the adjustment plate for wind direction on the wall enabled users to adjust an airflow trajectory from foot to head. In addition, the depth or attached height of the plate affected the airflow trajectory, while a difference of the supply air volume did not affect to the trajectory so much.

 2) Assuming actual usage situations, a PIV measurement was performed by applying airflow of the personal air conditioning system to its mesh backrest (opening ratio 54.9%) removed from a specific office chair. The results confirmed that part of the airflow that collided with the backrest passed through it and was supplied to the subject at a wind velocity of about 70% compared to the condition without the backrest.

 3) A growth curve type relationship was obtained between the wind direction angle θ and the dimensionless distance d_P / b_0.5 (ratio of the depth d_P of the adjusting plate to the half width b_0.5 of the wall jet formed on the booth wall). Moreover, the difference of the d_P values made little influence on the relationship. In addition, we showed that this relationship could be described accurately by the Gompertz curve.

 4) Using the empirical equations for the wall jet in previous studies, we derived equations for estimating the trajectory of the air flow after it collided with the adjustment plate under some assumptions. The comparison of the estimated trajectory by the equation and the PIV measurement results indicated that the equation could well explain the trajectory of the air flow after the collision with the plate. A series of derived equations will allow an advance verification of the airflow trajectory and characteristics that are the basis of the design of this personal air conditioning system.

 In order to properly estimate the renewal and maintenance costs of air-conditioning equipment, it is necessary to establish the optimal renewal cycle considering equipment deterioration and failure. As a method to understand the tendency of equipment failure with age, there is a method to collect and analyze operation data as well as repair history for each equipment over a long period of time. However, it is not practical in terms of time and cost.

 This study proposes a method to properly estimate the renewal and maintenance costs of air-conditioning equipment by using the periodic inspection data of air-source heat pump chiller (AHP) that is the main component of the air-conditioning system and is greatly affected by failures. In general, periodic inspection data is easy to collect, and shows the past diagnosis result of equipment at a given interval. The evaluation of the lifetime characteristics of AHP is performed by reliability analysis using the Weibull process model based on the degree of deterioration and repair history information that are collected from the periodic inspection data.

 As a result, a theoretical equation for optimizing the relationship between the usage period of AHP and the renewal and maintenance costs is figured out. AHP cost optimization with the actual failure and cost data is evaluated using the theoretical equation.

 The followings are main points of this study:

 (1) Repairable system data for reliability analysis are prepared from the periodic inspection data. Poisson's process, non-homogeneous Poisson's process (NHPP), and regeneration process are known as models of repairable systems. This study proposes a Weibull process model adopting NHPP.

 (2) The proposed Weibull process model can be applied not only for predicting failure occurrence and degradation progress, but also for evaluating the renewal cycle of equipment by combining it with cost information.

 (3) Two theoretical models are proposed: the Weibull process model for the repairable system data that can account for covariates and the model for optimizing the relationship between equipment costs and repair costs using failure tendency.

 (4) As a result of the evaluation of the renewal cycle of AHP using the failure and deterioration information that is obtained from the repairable system data, it turns out that about 30 years is the most economically reasonable.

 (5) The cost-optimization model can be applied to the system evaluation of multiple equipment. Furthermore, it can be developed into a model that can evaluate the renewal cycle of equipment based on the actual situation by considering the energy consumption efficiency of the equipment.

 (6) It is necessary to continue to accumulate field data on degradation and failures of equipment in order to understand the failure tendency more accurately based on the actual condition with reliability analysis using the Weibull process model.

 In this study, the possibility of introducing distributed energy systems such as solar power generation, small wind power generation, and potential capacities of fuel cells for public facilities as disaster prevention bases after the earthquake in Meguro Ward of Tokyo were clarified.

 First, the actual conditions of the public facility buildings in Meguro Ward were surveyed, such as basic information about the facility buildings, energy consumption, awareness of distributed energy, and information on Business Continuity Plan in an emergency were obtained. After conducting a current survey, estimate the power and heat demand of each facility during normal and emergency situations based on the result of actual surveys and literature values, and further the potential for introducing renewable energy and capacities of fuel cell cogeneration systems were revealed.

 Next, in order to introduce distributed energy systems in the future, the capacities should to be introduced were prepared as a database map in units of 250m mesh.

 Finally, using the database map, the areas for promoting the introduction of large-scale distributed energy systems according to the heat demand and the current status of distributed energy systems were clarified. Based on the nighttime population data of Meguro Ward, and considering the Life Continuity Plan after the earthquake, the proportion of meshes that can satisfy the smartphones power and the power required for the life securing period were revealed.

 Natural ventilation is attracting attention as one method for realizing energy saving and BCP (Business Continuity Plan). In urban area in Japanese metropolises, a large number of high-rise buildings are introducing natural ventilation systems, and the way of ensuring stable ventilation performance is very important matter. In design stage of natural ventilation building, building engineers have to decide the size and number of ventilation devices, such as openings and chimneys or shafts. But it is not easy because the data of wind pressure coefficient to predict flow rate into rooms is not enough especially for buildings located in a city block where buildings are densely distributed. In designing openings introducing natural wind from outside into rooms, grasping airflow around buildings is essential to decide the shape and layout of openings. So, it can be said that the data of wind pressure coefficient and airflow around buildings are necessary for natural ventilation design. In the wind tunnel test, the scale of the model and the wind velocity of approach flow are limited. So, when using small scaled models in the wind tunnel test, it is critical matter whether the airflow around the models is equal to the airflow around the actual scaled buildings.

 The purpose of this study is to grasp the dependency of wind pressure on building walls and velocity between buildings on Reynolds number. CFD analysis with 1:1000 scaled model of high density block are conducted by LES. We used one model of high density block, the base dimension of this block is 80m × 80m, and 40m in height. And it has a 4m crossroads. Total of 9 blocks were placed 20m apart in each direction in analysis area. By changing the upper wind velocity of the approach flow from 1.0 to 100.0m/s, the influence of the Reynolds number on the airflow between buildings and wind pressure on building walls are examined.

 As a result of CFD by LES, these following things are clarified. The Reynolds number is calculated from the average wind velocity at the monitoring points and the hydraulic diameter of the flow path.

 ・The fluctuation amplitude of the velocity ratio (velocity at the monitoring point / upper wind velocity of the approach flow) in the high density block increases with the upper wind velocity. And it does not increase when the Reynolds number of monitoring points is 2000 or more.

 ・The maximum velocity ratio of the street perpendicular to the mainstream of approach flow is about 1/4 value of the street parallel to the mainstream.

 ・The wind pressure coefficient of the building walls facing the streets in the high density block depends on the upper wind velocity. On all walls, the area average of the wind pressure coefficient is almost constant when the upper wind velocity of approach flow changes. On some walls, the standard deviation increases with the upper wind velocity.

 ・At the monitoring point in the high density block, the velocity ratio, the turbulent length scale, and the turbulent kinetic energy are large at higher positions, and the turbulent dissipation rate is large at the lowest positions.

 ・The Reynolds number at the monitoring points in the high density block was calculated with the representative length as 4mm, the distance between buildings. The velocity ratio, turbulent length scale, and turbulent kinetic energy stop increasing when the Reynolds number is approximately 2000 or more. On the other hand, the turbulent dissipation rate tends to increase even when the Reynolds number is approximately 2000 or more.

 Considering that office fixtures are cleaned everyday using cleaning tools, the present study was designed to provide a standard of hygiene maintenance when the tools are used. The ATP values on the table and tools were measured after the 10 mg contamination source was wiped by the tools. The measurements were repeated for four to seven times. The results showed that ATP values on the table progressively increased with wiping times. Based on the results, possible wiping times and wiping area was estimated for each tool. The tools were dried for 9 to 24 hours after washed by water or detergent. The ATP value, water content of the tools, number of viable bacteria (NVB), and order level were measured during the drying periods. The required drying periods for each tool were then estimated from change in ATP value and NVB with drying time. The tools contaminated by the specific contamination source were washed by water and detergent, and then dried in the room and the phone-box size booth for 9 hours and 24 hours. The ATP value, NVB, odor level, water content (WC) were measured periodically during drying periods. The results showed that ATP value and NVB decreased with decrease in WC in the case of cotton towel and micro-cloth. Drying periods were predicted for towel and micro-cloth.

 Ornamental plants are frequently used in office workplaces to improve the well-being and productivity of employees. Additionally, the WELL Building Standard includes definitions for precondition and optimization features related to biophilia. Hence, there is a growing interest in biophilic design and indoor greenery. However, the growth of indoor plants may become stunted due to unfavorable lighting conditions. Therefore, a method for evaluating the light environments required for indoor plants to thrive is needed.

 The purpose of this study is to apply a spectral irradiance simulation to develop a method for evaluating the appropriate light environment for indoor plants based on plant physiology. We used field measurements to verify the accuracy of the spectral irradiance simulations, which were performed by Adaptive Lightning for Alertness (ALFA), a circadian lighting design software. After verification, we calculated the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), which is strongly correlated to photosynthesis, from the measured and predicted values of spectral irradiance. Based on knowledge of the relationship between PPFD and the light saturation and light compensation points of plants, we evaluated the suitability of the light environment in the building for plant growth.

 The measurements were performed on a sunny day (October 5, 2019). The spectral irradiance was measured in the horizontal and vertical planes at desk and overhead heights (FL+800, 2000 mm) in a university classroom. In the simulation, measurement-based lighting distribution characteristics, spectral distribution, as well as the reflectance of each material were provided as input, and the spectral irradiance was calculated in a 3D model of the classroom. The accuracy of the simulation was verified by comparing the predicted and measured spectral irradiances both inside and outside the classroom.

 The results demonstrate that the ALFA sky model produced errors when predicting the spectral irradiance in wavelength ranges that simulate the Fraunhofer line of sunlight (380–400 nm) and the absorption bands of H₂O and O₂ molecules in the atmosphere (approximately 680, 730 and 750 nm). In the 405–710 nm wavelength range, the measured and calculated spectral irradiance were almost the same. At indoor measurement points where the influence of direct solar radiation and light luminaire were significant, the spectral irradiance was predicted with a high degree of accuracy. Errors in this study were mainly caused by errors in the spectral transmittance of the glass models, as well as input errors in the spectral reflectance of the ground surface and the surrounding buildings.

 By calculating the PPFD from the measured and simulated spectral irradiance values, it was possible to evaluate the light environment, in an indoor space based on knowledge of plant physiology such as light saturation and light compensation points of plants. This method can be applied to the planning of supplementary lighting for plants and the planning of indoor plant placement that makes effective use of daylight.

 The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of text information about the tourist spot shown by landscape on the evaluation of the tourism landscape images in Hiroshima by Chinese tourists, and to obtain the basic data for the future tourism planning of Chinese tourists to Japan. We carried out the experiments on Chinese students as the subjects. According to the psychological evaluation results of the specific content of the text information, it is clarified what is attractive text information and what information should be provided for different groups of people to attract Chinese tourists to Japan.