With the introduction of specific safety guidelines in the Building Standards Act, it introduced the Method of Verification for Evacuation Safety. In the Method of Verification for Evacuation Safety, along with the time for the starting time of evacuation, the walking time, the time of exit transit time, it calculates the time from the fire break out to the evacuation complete.
However, due to weak evidence for the calculating method of the evacuation starting time, the necessity for the construction of the method based on engineering evidences is pointed out.
The timing of the accident perception is important factor that decides the time until evacuation beginning of the person in the fire room.
In this study, it paid attention to a visual influence of smoke in the factor of the accident perception, and we execute some subjective experiment. As a result of the research, we clarified some useful findings, such as the value of extinction coefficient of smoke layer and cause regarding the accident perception.

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The relation between speech level and intelligibility is investigated at higher than normal speech levels with constant speech-to-noise ratios. The degradation of intelligibility in high speech level range are observed under the condition of speech-to-noise ratio higher than 0 dB, and the degradation starts at 70 to 80 dB speech level for both the young and the aged. Though the speech intelligibility index (SII) underestimate the effect of degradation at high speech levels, corrected SII can be a good measure if some corrections are made to speech level distortion factor, equivalent hearing threshold level and band audibility function.

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Mainly in Hokkaido, Q1 housing or housing for heating free and cooling free etc. have been advocated, which contributes to popularization of highly insulated and airtight houses. The aim of this study is to reveal the actual conditions on air convection or whole -room heating that contributes to creating a comfortable indoor environment and heating energy consumption at northern regional houses in Sapporo. Although we plan to aim at the housing performance such as Passive houses in Germany or Minergy houses in Switzerland etc. in the future, in order to attempt to raise the level of housing performance in stages in Japan, we mainly subject northern regional houses that have heat loss coefficient of around 1.0 W/m² K and equivalent leakage area of 0.5 cm²/m² or less.

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The indoor environment can play a significant role in the transmission and exposure of various contaminants. In some emerging aerial infections, such as influenza virus, tuberculosis virus, and other biological, the airborne route of transmission is thought to be important to evaluate exposure health risk. In this paper, first, we have presented the relationship between basic SIR (MK) model and Wells-Riley model, and introduced the analytical procedure of coupled analysis of CFD based prediction of unsteady contaminant concentration distribution and basic SIR model to predict exposure risk of residents in large enclosed space. The results of sensitivity analysis that changed ventilation rate and other parameters of infections showed non-uniform distribution in enclosed spaces and strong dependence on unsteady contaminant distribution.

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There are increasing developments and uses of building materials which have sorptive and reduction ability for chemicals in indoor air, and test method for reduction performance of them has been required. For formaldehyde reduction performance test of those materials, JIS A 1905 was established Feb. 2007. Our group has developed the air flow control unit for 20L small chamber in order to evaluate reduction performance of sorptive building materials. JIS A 1905 describes the two methods [part. 1 : Measurement of adsorption flux with supplying constant concentration of formaldehyde (hereinafter, Constant Concentration Supplying Method (CCSM))and part. 2 : Measurement of capability for suppressing formaldehyde emission (hereinafter, Emission Material Method (EMM))] for reduction performance test, but differences of test methods might provide different result values even if the same material was tested. In this paper, when changed area ratios (i.e. loading factor) of specimens under the same test method, it was investigated what differences would be made in performance values. As a result, when changed area ratios of specimens, “sorption flux” showed different values depending on area ratios but “equivalent ventilation rate” was less affected by area ratios. However, under the same area ratio condition, sorption fluxes showed even and steady values, while equivalent ventilation rates did fluctuating values depending on changes of chamber concentrations. When the same sorptive material tested, sorption fluxes gained from CCSM (JIS A 1905-1) showed 1.6 (for sorptive material DM) and 3.2 (for sorptive material TG) times higher values in compared with EMM (JIS A 1905-2). It was suggested that compensation of formaldehyde concentration with HBF equation could improve the performance value from EMM and reduce the disagreement between CCSM and EMM.

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To maintain indoor environments, large-scale buildings have been managed under the “Law for Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings (established in 1970)” in Japan. Although the large-scale buildings are managed on the indoor environmental standard, the management statuses for small-scale buildings, for example, office buildings smaller than 3000m² total floor areas, out of the law are not clear. This study carried out the field measurements of indoor particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and airborne microbes both in large-scale office buildings and small-scale ones, and investigated the differences of indoor air quality. As a result, the particle matter concentrations, VOC concentrations and fungi concentrations for the small-scale offices were relatively higher level than the larger-scale ones. It became clear that low air exchange rates and low filtering efficiencies of the air filters in the small-scale buildings could be affect on indoor air quality.

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Hot water occupies much of total residential energy consumption, and development of the energy efficient hot water system is critical. In this paper, for the impartial and realistic evaluation of the many types of hot water boiler, “Modified M1” mode was decided to reproduce the daily fluctuation and short time usage in the real houses. The experiment of the gas instantaneous boiler including the condensing one, was carried out and confirmed that the short time usage drops energy efficiency.

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In this paper, the authors define the heat extraction or injection rate of ground heat exchanger (GHEX) per length and temperature difference as the coefficient of heat extraction or injection. Applying the definition, the heat extraction or injection performances of GHEXs are quantified corresponding to the conditions such as ground properties and GHEXs' specifications are changed.
In addition, the authors compared to the quantified heat extraction or injection performances. When the flow condition of heat transfer medium in GHEX turns from laminar flow to turbulent flow, the heat extraction or injection performances of GHEXs increase 5-12%. On the other hand, the increase of heat extraction or injection performances of GHEXs in the range of turbulent flow is only less than 2% even in the where the flow rate is up to more than thrice. When the number of U-tubes is two and flow rate per the one U-tube is set at 6 L/min, the ratios of heat extraction performance of GHEXs using pre-casting concrete pile and steel pile compared to the borehole GHEX are 1.35-1.58 and 1.29-1.40, respectively.

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The authors performed wind-tunnel experiments to investigate bulk scalar coefficients between an urban-like 3 dimensional roughnesses and atmosphere using salinity method. In this paper, three main effects were investigated. Firstly, the effects of randomness of layouts of each block were discussed. Bulk scalar coefficients were measured on arrays with cubic blocks, whose angle against the wind were randomly changed. Secondly, the sizes of scalar source were considered under three conditions of plan area indices with square and staggered array. The results showed that bulk scalar coefficients were affected by the size as mentioned in previous studies, however, the relation between geometrical conditions and the coefficients were independent with the size. Lastly, the effects of vertical mixture of air caused by roughness elements were discussed based on the measurement of wind profile for each array. This investigation showed that certain plan layouts might strongly affect on vertical exchange of air.

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In order to utilize the microclimatic modification effects of the premises forest, the relationship between the premises forests' form and outdoor microclimate around dispersed houses in Tonami plain were analyzed field measurement. Based on the analysis using thermal simulation in the previous study, four types of premises forests with different features in solar shading effects were selected as analysis objects. Microclimate at outdoor living spaces of the dispersed houses with these selected premises forests was measured on summer sunny days. And the features of air temperature, wind speed, MRT etc. around these dispersed houses were clarified.

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In this study, LCCO₂ of WPRC (Wood Plastic Recycled Composites) was calculated to verify the effect of CO₂ emission reduction. The effect of utilizing recycled raw materials on LCCO₂ value was verified, and then LCCO₂ values of decks with equal performance were compared between various materials including WPRC. Following results were obtained. LCCO₂ of WPRC was 2.48kg-CO₂/kg. CO₂ emission of WPRC utilizing recycled plastics was reduced by 41.1% in the all process and by 92.0% in supplying the raw materials for plastics comparing utilizing virgin plastics. LCCO₂ value of WPRC deck was smaller than those of other materials.

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Using material flowcharts on wood and carbon, the study was made as follows:
1) With flowcharts developed on building-related woody waste and forest wood residues, the current status was analyzed.
2) Through field survey, regional supply-demand imbalance was revealed as a major obstacle to of wood residue utilization.
3) Subsequently, carbon flow analyses resulted in different carbon evaluations depending on whether fixed carbon was considered or not, but either case showed utilization of wood residues has substantial effects on fixed-carbon increase.
4) The study concludes that utilization of wood residues can help bring about a lower carbon society.

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