Low-level noise, emitted unconsciously such as walking and light footstep (trotting) impact noise from upper floor, has been becoming apparent in multi-dwelling life. These sounds are dependent on individual and are difficult to be reproduced. Therefore, it is necessary to develop footstep impact noise simulator for trial listening in dwelling space. The simulator was produced experimentally adjusting to human heel impact force on a rigid surface. The impact sound with simulator was measured in actual buildings and compared the frequency characteristics and A-weighted sound pressure level with human footstep noise and standard impact sources.

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 This paper proposes the walking vibration V-value response spectrum as an evaluation method of the habitability index V-value derived from a Monte-Carlo simulation and shows verifications with actual walking tests. The following conclusions were obtained.
 1 Monte-Carlo simulations using stochastic walking force model were carried out. The effects of each parameter were clarified, such as the natural frequency, damping coefficient, and the effective mass of the floor slab, the number of people walking, their average body weight, average pacing rate, and the variation of pacing rate of the people walking, and the walking distance.
 2 The mean values and variation coefficients of V-value are expressed by the natural frequency, the effective mass, the damping coefficient of the floor slab, the average weight per walker and the number of people walking. Based on these functions, the walking vibration V-value response spectrum is proposed.
 3 The Proposed V-value response spectrums were verified by actual walking tests on seven floor slabs.

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 In the previous papers^{8) 9) 10)}, we have developed a method of measuring the visible spectral radiance of all sky elements using a general purpose digital camera with a fish-eye lens. In this paper, we expanded this method and measured the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral radiance of all sky elements with the same fisheye camera. The fish-eye camera is portable for field measurements in various climates. We improved the way of colorimetrical calibration of the fisheye digital camera. The calibrated camera measures the all sky distribution of the XYZ tristimulus values more accurately. The XYZ tristimulus values are transferred into the xy choromaticity coordinates. On the other hand, the UV, VIS and NIR spectral radiance of the sky elements is measured by a spectroradiometer under various weather conditions. The eigenvectors of measured spectral radiance are calculated by principal component analysis. Using the eigenvectors, the relative spectral power distribution is computed and then transferred into the all sky distribution of UV, VIS and NIR spectral radiance by tristimulus values Y [cd/m²].

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 Effect of thermal storage of the house on the heating load, not well understood in quantitative. Therefore, in this study, it is directed to a detached house, which was built in warm regions, impact on the heating load by thermal storage is comprehensively analyzed in the heat load simulation in which thermal insulation performance, solar heat gain, regional, heating system, heat storage capacity, etc. as a parameter, a simple evaluation method is proposed based on the results.

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 A mock-up, one-story test house with eaves ventilation was built in a suburb of Tokyo to examine the hygrothermal conditions in its attic space. A series of measurements were conducted to clarify the effects that the vent opening area and vented wall cavity had on the hygrothermal conditions. In addition, to estimate the airflow rate through the vented wall cavity and eaves vent using the air velocity measured by an anemometer placed therein, the relationship between them was measured by changing the fan flow rate in an experimental setup. The dehumidification of the attic space by the eaves vents, vented wall cavities and room was calculated during the experimental period. The main findings are as follows: 1) Of the total flow rate through the vented wall cavity on the southern side, the proportions among upward flow into the attic space, upward flow into the ventilation opening, and downward flow were approximately 5:1:4. 2) Considering that 20% of the upward airflow through the vented wall cavity did not contribute to the ventilation of the attic space, the eave space should be added as a calculation node for hygrothermal models to predict the proper size of the attic ventilation opening. 3) Glass fiber insulation wrapped a vapor tight film (bagged insulation) is generally employed as a insulation layer of ceiling in mild climate regions of Japan. The air gap between the insulation materials has an impact on moisture flow passing through the ceiling gypsum board to the attic space.

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 The authors established a technique for measuring calorie output from a variable refrigerant flow air conditioning system by applying the refrigerant enthalpy method. In this paper, the advantages of the measuring technique and its detailed estimation process of the calorie output are introduced. In addition, the measurement with water cooled variable refrigerant flow air conditioning system was carried out in order to confirm the accuracy of technique. In this actual measurement, it was shown that measuring the appropriate pressure of refrigerant in the heat pump is important to achieve the measurement accuracy. As the another results of actual measurement, the error of estimation values of heat quantity between the established technique and the conventional one is less than 20 % for cooling and heating, respectively. Therefore, the technique for measuring calorie output that the authors established has the high measurement accuracy. In addition, the authors suggested operation improvement method by analyzing measured values such as pressure, calorie output, electric power consumption and so on. As the results, it was confirmed that COPs is improved in the cooling period by lowering the high side pressure of refrigerant in the heat pump depending on the inlet water temperature in the primary side of the pump.

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 Urban planning incorporating mitigation of the urban warming which is due to urban heat island phenomenon and global warming is needed. The mitigations that are thought to be suitable in each place should be selected, because the climatic characteristics are different by places in urban area. Accordingly, Urban Environmental Climate Maps (UECMs) are proposed as a tool for examining the suitable mitigation in each place. For making UECMs, at first, it is necessary to understand the summer temperature distribution patterns and factors of them in urban area. Therefore, this study aims at evaluating the relationship between temperature and the factors comprehensively using observed data in Hiroshima plain. As a result, in the daytime, distance from the coastal line in the direction of sea breeze and the rate of building blocking (RBB) in south-southwest direction have effects on the temperature distribution. In the nighttime, RBB in north-northeast direction and surrounding green area have effects.

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 In this study, large-eddy simulation (LES) is performed to create the LES database to investigate the validity of the gradient diffusion approximation of the Reynolds stress within and above the urban canyon. It is confirmed that the LES database is more reliable than standard k-ε model (k-ε) within and above the urban canyon by comparing with the result of the wind tunnel experiment. k-ε fails to reproduce the spatial distribution of mean wind velocity within the urban canyon. The budget of Reynolds stress (<u1'u3'>) transport equation is analyzed using the LES database to investigate the validity of the gradient diffusion approximation. Within the urban canyon, the diffusion term of <u1'u3'> transport equation increases. The gradient diffusion approximation of <u1'u3'> is not valid within the urban canyon because the nonlocal effect of the diffusion term increases.

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 In this study, we aimed clarify the relationship between a deviation of temperature which is occurred in sub-city scale and some elements due to weather or geography, in Fukuoka City. Routine observation of air temperature was performed during from August 1 to August 31 in 2010, at some greening park and along some road. Some land cover elements which could act as a cooling or warming effect were defined as the land cover elements, by using Geographic Information System (GIS). We analyzed a relationship between the land cover elements and a deviation of temperature with sub-city scale, by using multiple regression analysis. Daytime maximum temperature observed at Fukuoka district meteorological observatory, approximately represented an average inside urban study area, although its correlation was lower in sea-breeze days. In urban area of Fukuoka city under sea-breeze days, daytime maximum temperature tended to rise, in a place where is far from seaside and a higher urbanization rate area however, its tendency had been suppressed on river or greening park. Nocturnal minimum temperature was lower in inland area, and its tendency became more remarkable as a greening area is larger. Also, the multiple regression models were more robust than for a daytime maximum temperature. This indicates that "cool island effect" which occurs as lower temperature around greening place would be appeared locally and significantly.

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