In this study, a method for predicting the unexposed surface temperature of a double-layer wall is proposed based on "inclusive thermal conductivity," which considers heat and moisture transfer and influence of cracks in materials containing water. The proposed method will enable the estimation of thermal conductivities of materials that are difficult to assess using conventional technologies. Fire-resistance tests were conducted on specimens with fiber-reinforced cement siding and gypsum boards overlaid. Fire-resistance tests were conducted based on ISO834. Inclusive thermal conductivities are estimated based on the results of temperature measurements from actual fire-resistance tests.
 The inclusive thermal conductivities are calculated by using the finite differential method. On the estimation of the inclusive thermal conductivity, the calculated internal temperatures of the materials, temperature between materials, and unexposed surface temperature were compared with the experimental results. Additionally, on estimation of inclusive thermal conductivities the influence of the moisture behavior and cracks in the materials are considered. Since the inclusive thermal conductivities have some peaks and/or dips at various temperatures, they are approximated to polynomial approximation for each temperature region.
 In order to estimate that unexposed surface temperature of similar double-layer specimen whose thickness of gypsum board layer is decreasing, the number of inclusive thermal conductivities are reduced. In the case of estimating the specimen thickness whose thickness is changed, the inclusive thermal conductivities of predictive calculations were performed by removing layers of the same thickness as the divided layer. Calculations using this inclusive thermal conductivity sufficiently captured the temperature history. The good accuracy on unexposed surface temperature prediction result is obtained as the difference the thickness of estimated test specimen and predicted specimen is smaller. The prediction accuracy of numerical analysis using the inclusive thermal conductivity was found to be practically sufficient.

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 Many studies has been done regarding signboards and its visibility and legibility, especially in the fields of traffic and mobility. This study focused on visibility and legibility of a signboard in shopping mall, and its predictive equation using analogy with illuminance calculation. First, the relationship was cleared into five aspects (similarities). 1. As the distance between the light source and the measured point increases, the illuminance decreases. Likewise, as the distance between the signboard and the viewpoint increases, the visibility and the legibility decreases. 2. Like the luminance of the light source is defined with the product of the cosine and the area of the light source, the appearance area of the signboard is product of the cosine and the area of the signboard. 3. When there is angle between normal vector of the light source and the normal of the measured point, cosine law is applied. Likewise, the information acquisition will be difficult if the person is looking at the different direction. 4. Like quantity of light differs by the light source, the amount of information one signboard holds differs. 5. When there is an obstacle between the light source and the measured point, the direct illuminance will be 0. Likewise, when there is an obstacle between the signboard and the viewer, the information acquisition will not proceed. This research focuses on the case where the viewer is looking towards the signboard, aspect 3 and 5 will not be considered.
 Predictive equation was derived using analogy with illuminance calculation. Experiment 1 was held to prove the analogy, using square light equation and line light equation, in other words, testing aspects 1 and 2. Targeting two signboards, 25 evaluation points were selected, and in average 20 subjects evaluated 7 rating scale on “discoverable”, “perceivable”, “legible” and “comprehensible.” As a result, aspects 1 and 2 were proven, and both equations were shown positive.
 Experiment 2 was done to find luminance or luminous intensity that stands for the amount of information one signboard holds, in short proving aspect 4. Targeting 11 signboards, each from two or three evaluation points were selected (in total 24 points), and 20 subjects evaluated using same method as experiment 1. Factors that previous studies pointed out to be related to the visibility were considered. As a result, number of letters, ratio of luminance differences and font factor were plugged into the predictive equation. In the case of square light formula seems to be more fitted than that of the line light formula.
 Using the result of both experiment 1 and 2, predictive equations for each adjectives were derived. Using the result of experiment that was previously done, the verification of the equation was done. The experiment 3 targeted one signboard from 2 evaluation points, evaluated by 13 subjects using the same method. As a result, the standard deviation of the error was 0.56. Considering that rating scale is an integer, the equation was roughly verified and shown that is useful. Further study will be done to improve the predictive equation. In addition, the left over aspects (2 and 5) will be proven in the next paper regarding noticeability.

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 There are many reports applied the theory of wave propagation in an elastic half-space medium to predict environmental vibrations such as, traffic vibrations, railway-induced ground vibrations, factory vibrations and construction vibrations. In general, the empirical methods simplified the equation by Bornitz were practically used in the engineering fields; however, the applicability of those empirical methods were not clear enough, due to less usage of velocity of subsurface layer which is the most important key-parameter to predict environmental vibrations in a site. To simply and accurately evaluate construction vibrations in one of the environmental vibrations, therefore, we investigated on the applicability of the empirical prediction method based on the theory of wave propagation to construction vibrations, using velocity of subsurface layer.
 At first, we performed linear array measurements for 4 types of construction vibrations at a site. We deployed 8 to 10 stations, which are composed of vibration level meters and data loggers, with an interval distance of 5m in a linear array. We recorded the vibrations induced by large-sized construction equipment such as a power shovel, a bulldozer and silent piler. The accelerations for 4 types of construction vibrations had the same tendency that the amplitudes were dominated in a frequency of 4 to 40Hz at a distance of 2m or 5m from construction sources, especially at a frequency of 10Hz in a linear array. Also, we performed a surface wave exploration and array microtremor observations to estimate phase velocity of Rayleigh waves and S-wave velocity structure at the site. As to the surface wave exploration, we deployed 24 stations with an interval distance of 2m in a linear array. As to array microtremor observations, we deployed 7 stations in a double equilateral triangle and its center with a side length of 2 to 60m. We applied the F-K method to data of surface wave exploration and the SPAC method to vertical data of array microtremor observations respectively, to obtain the phase velocity of Rayleigh waves in a broadband. We inverted S-wave velocity structures from the phase velocity in the inversion technique of the Genetic algorithm.
 We applied the wave propagation equation to construction vibrations, to identify wave types of construction vibrations and investigate the validity of velocity of subsurface layer. In case of the identification of wave types, we found that construction vibrations were dominated by surface waves, especially Rayleigh waves in vertical components. In case of the validity of velocity of subsurface layer, we found that the phase velocity of surface waves in a subsurface layer was the most important key-parameter to accurately predict construction vibrations. We calculated the distributions of amplitudes of the fundamental mode Rayleigh waves against depth for frequencies of 5 and 10 Hz at the site and therefore; we found that the construction vibrations dominated at a frequency of 10Hz were significantly affected by the subsurface layer to a depth of 3 m. Finally, we evaluated the peak ground acceleration (PGA) of construction vibrations again distances from construction sources, by the empirical prediction method based on the theory of wave propagation. By properly substituting the frequency dominated in construction vibrations and the phase velocity of surface waves in a subsurface layer at the site to the equation of wave propagation, we could accurately reproduce construction vibrations against distances from construction sources.

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 Recently various lighting designs have become required more than ever. In order to closely examine and appropriately design various lighting environments, highly accurate luminance predictive simulation techniques would be more required. In the most of conventional lighting environment prediction simulations it is often assumed that all the reflecting surfaces were uniformly diffusing surfaces. However, the actual surfaces usually have directional reflection characteristics between the uniform diffuse reflection and the specular reflection, which are different from the assumption in the conventional simulations. In more accurate luminance prediction simulations directional reflection characteristics of the building materials should be considered, so it is necessary to obtain directional reflection characteristic data to be incorporated into such simulations.
 Throughout the measurements made in this study, the followings were found.
 (1) The luminous intensity coefficients of the reflected light from the nineteen building materials with different finishes, such as PVC floorings, PVC sheet, granite and resin coated metal plates, were measured by being separated into the boundary reflection and the layer reflection component using a polarizer. By the measurements we obtained data set of directional reflection characteristics for the simulation.
 (2) From these measurements, we confirmed 1) the intensities of the boundary reflection component tends to increase as the incident angle increases, 2) the differences in color appear to be resulted from different properties of the layer reflection component, and 3) the difference in the surface finish may characterize the properties of the boundary reflection component.
 (3) The measured values of luminous intensity coefficients ρ was approximated well by the Uetani-Matsuura mathematical model, so it was suggested that these measurement values will be able to be incorporated into luminance simulation considering directional reflection characteristics.
 (4) Spectral reflection characteristics of the boundary reflection and the layer reflection components were obtained by the measurements using a polarizer. It was confirmed that the spectral structures of the light source is retained in the boundary reflection component, while the spectral reflection characteristics of the sample can be explained by the layer reflection component.

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 Authors have argued that C-A graphs can estimate visibility using luminance images. In this study, a method of handling luminous color was suggested and visibility evaluation experiments using circular objects, varying luminance and chromaticity were conducted for the common color vision type. When the background chromaticity was D65 and the luminance contrast (LC ) was zero, visibilities of circular objects with greenish yellow to violet color decreased because of small-field tritanopia. As the object size was increased, visibilities improved while its trend was still observed. Specific chromaticities were difficult to be detected even if LC exceeds its visibility threshold values.

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 It is vitally important to estimate the visibility of all visual targets in real environments to assume and maintain visual safety. As luminance images in real lit environments are relatively easy to obtain, it is reasonable to attempt a method of estimating visibility of objects using these images.
 The authors have proposed C-A graph that can estimate visibility from luminance images using a contrast profile method. The C-A graph presents C-value (luminance contrast) and A-value (adaptation luminance) as vertical and horizontal axes for varying object sizes respectively. This graph expresses the three factors necessary for visibility estimation. In the previous study, the visibility threshold C-value estimation model of circular objects, adoptable to wide range of object size, was established. Furthermore, it suggested that visibility evaluation of people with normal visual acuity can be estimated from the ratio of the visibility threshold C-value.
 In this study, as preliminary steps of study for actual low vision people, visibility evaluation experiments were conducted for low visual acuity people using circular objects with uniform or non-uniform (checkered) background. Circular objects and backgrounds with varying background luminance, luminance contrast and object size, were displayed on 27 inch digital display screen. When background was non-uniform (checkered), luminance contrast and size of the checkers were varied, too. The subjects observed circular objects displayed on uniform or non-uniform background with both eyes from a distance of 2500 mm. They evaluated visibility of circular objects using a 5-step scale of 0-4.0=cannot see any object; 1=can see some kind of object, 2=can see a circular object but not clearly, 3=can mostly see a circular object and 4=can clearly see a circular object. Fourteen naked-eye subjects with low visual acuity participated in the experiments.
 The experimental results were analyzed using a contrast profile method and were presented on the C-A graph. The experimental result of uniform background suggested that the estimation model of previous study estimates a little higher visibility threshold C-value than the result of low visual acuity people. When the background was checkered pattern, as the checker contrast and the checker size were decreased, the visibility evaluation is similar to the uniform background evaluation. As the checker contrast and the checker size were increased, it would become difficult to recognize the shapes of objects. Furthermore, the authors suggested that if the background has a luminance distribution, it would be better to calculate from a non-logarithmic (raw) luminance image, rather than a logarithmic luminance image.
 In the next report, the authors will discuss experimental results for visually challenged people using the non-uniform (checkered) background with the C-A graph.

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 In recent times, the use of natural ventilation in office buildings, schools or public facilities has become popular. The purpose of natural ventilation is not only to reduce air conditioning usage and enhance comfort but also to facilitate the improvement in intellectual productivity. However, natural ventilation rate must be appropriate in order to achieve these results. Since natural ventilation rate is affected by changes in outside conditions, to execute natural ventilation control, it is necessary to adjust the opening area. Therefore, develop simulations that can help evaluate natural ventilation control. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance evaluation of natural ventilation control in office buildings. In this study, we first surveyed the actual state of buildings with natural ventilation. In addition, following the survey, we examined the basic characteristics of the buoyancy driven ventilation using airflow network analysis.
 In the survey, the elements that affect the natural ventilation rate were identified. We surveyed the effective opening area of natural ventilation opening (αA_i), natural ventilation path, and the movement of buildings that use natural ventilation. We found three things: 1) αA_i is correlated with typical floor area, 2) about 85% of the naturally ventilated buildings have adopted the buoyancy driven ventilation, 3) there is a recent technique to separate the chimney for effective natural ventilation. The details of this survey are given in Chapter 3.
 We carried out three numerical analyses of natural ventilation rate and neutral pressure level due to change αA_i. These analyses assumed ten-story buildings. 1) We calculated air changes per hour due to opening and closing of the entrance. There was not any significant effect on the natural ventilation rate of the second floor and more due to a sufficient increase in the neutral pressure level. 2) We suggested two methods to reduce the difference between the natural ventilation rates of each floor. First, we calculated air changes per hour due to a smaller αA_i on the lower half of the floor. Second, we calculated air changes per hour due to separate chimneys into two, upper and lower, of the floor. According to these analyses, αA_i of the lower half of the floor can be set to 50% of the αA_i of the upper half of the floor or the chimney can be lowered up to sixth floor to reduce the difference between natural ventilation rates each floor. 3) We determined the neutral pressure level. In brief, there are three findings. First, αA_i on all the floors should be same. Second, αA_i on the lower half of the floor should be small. Finally, the chimney's protruding length set to be longer. Following these suggestions, one can determine neutral pressure level. Furthermore, we presented a graph for determining αA_i to achieve appropriate natural ventilation rate, which is called “Isodose curve of air changes per hour.” Details of these analyses are given in Chapter 4.
 In future research, the proposed airflow network analysis method can be used to evaluated the performance of natural ventilation control in office buildings.

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 The characterization and emission of indoor ultrafine particles (UFPs) have been of great interest. The sources of indoor particulate matters are tobacco smoke, stoves, hairspray as well as outdoor air. In the recent airtight buildings, most of atmospheric particles penetrate through outdoor air handling units (AHUs) or total heat exchange ventilators. The coarse dust filter and medium performance one used for air handling units in buildings have the collection efficiency specified for particles of 1 μm or more, but the collection efficiency for UFPs is not specified for these filters. Therefore, it is difficult to understand the influence of UFPs penetrating via outdoor AHU into indoor environments, because there have been a few studies systematically investigating the UFP collection efficiencies for air filters in AHUs of buildings.
 This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of UFPs which penetrated into indoor environments from outside air through AHUs with air filters by measuring size number concentrations of UFPs in outdoor air, inside of the AHU, at the outlet of diffuser and in indoor air. Furthermore, the UFP collection efficiencies of the unused air filters for the AHU were measured using by the particle collection performance test device for filter media.
 In the actual building, we measured the size distribution of UFP concentrations of outdoor, diffuser outlet and indoor air using the fast mobility particle sizer (FMPS). The UFP concentrations at diffuser outlet and in indoor air were lower than outdoor air for each particle diameter, depending on the outdoor air concentration, the diffuser and the indoor concentrations changed in the same way. Therefore, the UFPs could penetrate into the room from the outdoor air. We also measured the size distribution of UFP concentration before the coarse dust filter, and after the medium performance filter and humidifier in the AHU. The collection efficiencies of the UFP of the coarse dust filter, the medium performance filter, and the humidifier were different, and the collection efficiency in the whole AHU attained 30% to 70%. The collection efficiency of UFPs of 100 nm or less in the whole AHU tended to increase.
 We conducted the air filter collection efficiency tests for air filters used in the AHU. The collection efficiency of the coarse dust filter in the AHU was lower than that of the unused one. The fiber layer of the coarse dust filter was deteriorated due to repeated washing of coarse dust filter media for periodic maintenance. Since medium performance filters in AHUs were used for a long time and encountered accumulation of particles, the collection efficiency remarkably increased as compared with unused one. The collection efficiency of medium performance filter for UFPs were increased due to the diffusion and interception effect of UFPs.

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 The aim of this study is to understand the effects of the precooling and preheating operation of convection systems (air conditioner, AC) and radiant systems (floor cooling/heating and radiator, RAD) on the self-consumption rate by photovoltaic (PV) power generation and on thermal comfort. To evaluate the effect of the precooling and preheating operation, we measured indoor environmental factors, energy consumption, and skin surface temperature and heat loss using thermal manikins under 10 cases (4 cases in summer, 6 cases in winter) with different air-conditioning operations in a ZEH. In addition, the energy evaluation according to the daytime operation of HP water heater was conducted via simulation.

 The following were reported in this article.

 1) With regard to thermal comfort, precooling and preheating of AC and RAD was effective in stabilizing the indoor thermal comfort (PMV) at the time of returning home (18:00) and during evenings (18:00~23:00). Especially during evenings in winter, the PMV of Case5 (6-h RAD preheating operation) was stable at a slightly warm range; however, the other cases were stable at a slightly cool range. In addition, the comparison between PMV meter and Thermal manikin PMV shows that temperature unevenness occurred in AC cases. Regarding the heat loss of thermal manikin, the amount of heat loss of RAD cases was smaller than that of AC cases, and the amount of heat loss stabilized over time.

 2) With regard to the energy evaluation, the RAD cases of precooling and preheating decreased the total energy consumption for cooling and heating by AC PMV control during evenings (18:00~23:00). Especially in winter, the RAD preheating operation cases were stabilized at a comfort range without heating by the AC PMV control. In the case of the 6-h RAD preheating operation, the energy consumption by the PV generation increased by 2.1 kWh. On the other hand, the energy consumption by the BT discharge and purchased power was reduced by 3.9 kWh. This shows a large heat storage effect, and it was suggested that the energy consumption could be reduced by RAD preheating operation. Regarding the self-consumption rate, when the AC system was the same, the energy consumption of the 6-h precooling/preheating was increased by about 15% in summer and about 14% in winter, compared to that of the 3-h precooling. In addition, when the precooling/preheating operation time was the same, the energy consumption of the RAD cooling/heating system was increased by about 2% in summer and about 13% in winter, compared to that of the AC system.

 3) With regard to the energy evaluation for the daytime operation of HP water heater, the daytime operation of HP water heater is more effective in reducing the trading power and increasing the self-consumption rate. In winter, the self-consumption rate of AC preheating cases was higher than that of RAD preheating cases, because AC preheating cases have more surplus power than the RAD case.

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 In recent years after IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, strategies of not only mitigation but also adaptation are being focused for responding to climate change. The report has predicted that the average temperature would be rise by up to 4.8 °C from now by the end of the 21st century if the current level of Greenhouse gas emission is continued. To prepare global warming, recent studies have estimated the impact of climate change on heating and cooling energy by utilizing future meteorological data.
 In this context, Japanese government has recently published a database called “Database for Policy Decision-Making for Future Climate Change” (hereafter d4PDF) to be used researches for impact assessment studies and adaptation planning for global warming. building and urban energy sectors of Japan should utilize these weather prediction data to examine the impact of climate change and prepare adaptation strategies.
 Therefore, this study aims to predict heating and cooling demand after a mean temperature increase of 4°C (hereafter 4°C-rise temperature) and analyze its effect on heating and cooling system by estimating system COP, total and peak energy demand, and amount of discharged heat and cooling tower makeup water with the d4PDF data. This study is based on the steam demand and the chilled water demand in Minatomirai 21 Area (hereafter MM21 Area) to reflect conditions of actual heating and cooling system.
 To do this, this study conducted three steps: derivation of regression analysis equations, prediction of heating and cooling demand, and examination of influence on heating and cooling system.
 The first step derived regression analysis equations between mean temperatures and the steam and chilled water demands in MM21 Area of 2014. The regression analysis equations are to predict the heating and cooling demand after 4°C-rise temperature.
 The second step estimated the fluctuation range of heating and cooling demand after 4°C Global warming of d4PDF. Compared with the average year, the steam demand decreases to 70.7% to 77.2% and the chilled water demand increases to 147.9% to 163.4%. In the weather of the top 5% of 4°C-rise temperature, the chilled water demand in August goes up 169.5% compared with the average year. The full load equivalent hour of steam and chilled water becomes 99.1% to 105.2% and 106.7% to 115.1% respectively, compared to the average year.
 The third step examined the influence on the heating and cooling system of MM21 Area. The electric power consumption rises to 140.5% to 152.5% and the gas consumption is the similar level of the average year, 98.8% to 100.8%. Therefore, the annual primary energy consumption grows to 114.8% to 122.0% compared the average year. COP stays on the similar level of the average year and CO2 emission increases by 5.0% to 6.9% more than the average year
 In the weather, the top 5% of 4°C-rise temperature in August, the daily primary energy consumption rises to 162.0% compared the average year. Because of the increased cooling demand, the annual discharged heat and the annual cooling tower makeup water grow to 156.9% to 172.6%, compared with the average year. the peak of discharged heat is calculated at 165.3%.

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 Energy use is made by residents, not by buildings. Therefore, how much of energy saving effect is possible by residents' behavior must be important. But at least in Japan, it has not yet been made clear. In recent years, it is expected to achieve energy saving effect by installing home _ electric appliances embedded network system. There are some research works trying to find out the motives of residents in relation to the energy-saving behaviors. These trials aim at establishing a new way of stimulating the residents' consciousness that leads to the reduction of energy use.
 However, the information to be given in these trials is focused on energy saving alone. Since the residents do not live for energy saving alone, the given information with too much focus on energy saving, but not necessarily well-connected with their life styles, could lead to these trials being not lasting long enough.For this reason, how to achieve energy-saving effects without conscious behavior of “energy saving” is one of the important problems to be tackled with. Therefore, we hypothesized that in order for residents to take energy-saving actions, if the information to be provided is connected well with the residents' most concerned problems and wishes in their daily life, If the information associated with energy saving is embedded in those pieces of information, it may be possible to have them take long lasting actions. Here in this research, we conducted a questionnaire survey on the residents' interests and lifestyle and made on analysis to figure out how the energy saving related consciousness, practice, and willingness are connected with each other. With this analysis, what kind of information is to be given to the residents in order to realize a long-lasting action for energy saving.
 We have found the following results: 1) If the information to be given is directly related to the problems and wishes of the residents, then, it is likely to be effective. If the level of recognition is high, the level of behavior and the willingness to acquire information are also high. If the level of recognition is low, but behavioral motivation is high, then motivation to acquire information is found high. 2) Women have higher levels of recognition, behavior and willingness to acquire information. It was confirmed that the willingness of men taking actions is also high. Therefore, there is a possibility that men can also be expected to start behavior provided that appropriate information is given. The contents of information to motivate women is closely related to their lives. Those for men need to be in association with their interest. 3) The levels of recognition and behavior tend to be higher as the age increases. The motivation of behavior is higher in younger people. The level of willingness to acquire information becomes lower as the age is over 60 years. There is almost no difference between ages with respect to the desire of information. 4) Residents with children have higher recognition and behavior than those without children. Residents without children have slightly higher motivation of behavior, more willing to acquire information than those with children. The provision of information to residents without children is highly effective.
 It has become clear that the information in relation to the problems to be solved or the willingness for making their levels of life higher is likely to let the respondents take actions. Those pieces of information should be implemented with information with respect to energy saving. If such an implementation is made rationally, then it can be expected that the essential energy-saving effect is achieved with appropriate long-lasting behaviors.

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