This paper aims to clarify the differences between men's recognition concerning paternal role for childcare and women's expectation. Questionaires were sent to 509 university students in September to December, 1991. The results were as follows : 1 There was a great difference between men and women in regard to consciousness toward charge of childcare. 2 Men were more traditional than women in regard to sex role consciousness. 3 Men's consciousness of the paternal types and that of paternal characters were firmer than women's. 4 Women were fond of children more than men. 5 Men had little chance to care for children in their growth process.

View full abstract

This paper aims to clarify the tasks of childcare education in high school homemaking classes. It is a follow-up of the previous report. The results were as follows : 1 The factors influencing consciousness concerning paternal role for childcare were sex role consciousness, paternal type consciousness, whether they were fond of children or not and what grade they were in. 2 The students wanting to study the childcare domain were higher than that of the envirenment area. 3 The students who wished to take partial charge paternal role for childcare and to be the soft paternal type wanted to study tha marrige and motherhood domain. The students whose sex role consciousness were progressive preferrd to study childcare environment domain. 4 The students wanted to study childcare by practice, by visiting institutes, and by using audio-visual aids.

View full abstract

This study attempts to ascertain students 'level of knowledge of food names. The subjects were 121 male and 119 female students, attending a compulsory home economics lecture required for elementary school teaching certification. They were presented 29 foods to be named, including vegetables, pulses, seaweed, meats, poultry and fishes. All students answered accurately for daikon radish, onion and squid. However, students who could answer general fish names such as sardine (iwashi), horse mackerel (aji) and mackerel (saba) were 55 to 66% ; fewer than those who correctly identified plant foods. This result indicates that there are students who do not know generic food names in elementary and junior high school. Students need to be educated as to the proper names of food items.

View full abstract

The aim of this study was to define an effective method of fostering decision-making ability in homemaking education. The investigation compared awareness of among researchers and homemaking education teachers at junior and senior high schools in Nagano and Niigata prefectures from October to December 1992. The results showed that : 1. Current homemaking education teachers who think much of fostering decision-making ability recognize that this task should be brought into operation. They have positive thinking about teaching of this skill in their lessons. 2. A comparison of researchers and presently homemaking education teachers show that researchers attach greater importance to this skill than do homemaking teachers. Researchers are worried about the lack of understanding of teachers as leaders ; and lack of critical thinking concerning the fostering of this skill among teachers. 3. A 'review of decisions' is an integral part of the decision-making process.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contents of papers published on elementary level sewing related with the West, and to clarify the reasons for their printing. "Studies of Education" is an educational magazine published by a study group on early education whose members were teachers of the elementary school affiliated to Tokyo Teachers College. The material covered in this paper was published between April 1904 and December 1911. The results were as follows : 1. Contents were to introduce teaching methods and educational enforcements of practice. 2. Contents became datum which made investigation into teaching methods necessary. 3. Contents promoted education of Western sewing in Japan.

View full abstract

In this study, content including the study of "morning and evening life patterns" was proposed in elementary school. The instructional efficiency of the proposed class was evaluated in comparison with the original class which focuses on the importance of time when the whole family spend together. The results were as follows : 1. By the analysis of behavior of the teacher and pupils, the circumstances in both classes were similar. 2. Evaluations by observers were high in both classes. 3. A half of pupils answered that the relation between "morning and evening life patterns" and concentration while learning was the most impressive in the two classes. These results suggest that the proposed class is effective.

View full abstract

This study examined actual conditions of home life and attitudes of upbringing abroad of parents' in a Japanese School. The results are as follows : 1. About 34 percent of parents had positive attitude in regard to their leave for overseas post. About half of parents felt uneasy about the education of their children and daily life. 2. Parents were satisfied with dwelling life and family communication, but they were discontented with clothing life. Problems occurred cross-culturally and parents could not cope with them comfortably. 3. Children took much part in cleaning their own rooms and cleaning-up after meals. Girls in elementary school in Asia learned homemaking ; their parents intended them to help more with household tasks.

View full abstract

This study examined actual conditions of homemaking learning and awareness toward homemaking education of parents' in a Japanese School overseas. The results are as follows : 1. Parents in Japanese School desired their children to become well adapted to life abroad. They did not have much interest in homemaking subject. 2. About 80 percent of children learned homemaking. Parents held strong demands toward homemaking teacher, teaching contents, teaching methods, facilities and equipments. 3. Their views about homemaking subject could be divided into four types, and parents' consciousness of homemaking was ascertained. 4. We made parents in Japanese School understand homemaking and enlighten its importance. As there were many problems about homemaking education, both homemaking teacher and researcher needed to study together for improvement.

View full abstract

Reports on meal preparation described in students of Faculty of education were examined with categorization on their meaning by paragraph. 1. Female students described more categories than males. Females studying home economics described more categories than other female students. 2. Male students described their lack of ability and difficulties of meal preparation more than females students. 3. Previous presentation of excellent reports increased categories of felmal students, but not for those of male students.

View full abstract

On reports described by students of education on meal preparation, relationship among categories on meaning by paragraph was examined with multivariate analysis. 1. By analysis on all reports, factors on ability on meal preparation, and on necessity of ability and social phenomenon were extracted. Result on categoric scores shows that male students have a low ability on meal preparation. It is suggested that knowledge and skill on meal preparation is necessary to promote interest in necessity of ability and social phenomena. 2. By analysis on females' reports, factors on ability of meal preparation and on preference for meal preparation were extracted. Result on categoric scores shows that students with low abilty are distributed in wide range on preference for meal preparation.

View full abstract

Homemaking education textbooks in junior high schools between 1947 and 1957 showed the following characteristics about household work. 1. Household work was carried out by both male and female from 1947 to 1952. Males cultivated the garden vegetables, fruits, and farmed cows, goats, and hens. Females sewed and cooked. 2. Females were great helpers for household works, but males scarcely helped since 1953. It was emphasized that household work be done only by females. 3. The rationalization of household work demanding the use of electric machines, efficiency in motion studies and following schedules were stressed.

View full abstract

Discriminating ability of mixed taste was studied to know the readiness for taste education of junior high school students. In this paper, discriminating ability among the differences of seasoning concentration was examined by sensory evaluation using the model samples of Japanese noodle soup. Influence of students' preference was also investigated. Results were summarized as follows : 1. More than 60% of junior high school and university students preferred convenient type soup to homemade type soup. 2. Students preferring convenient type soup had inferior discriminating ability on the difference of saltiness between convenient and homemade type soup than students preferring homemade type soup. 3. No difference in saltiness perception was indicated by the students. 4. Students preferring convenient type soup discriminated the difference of seasoning concentration of the same type of soup, while they could not discriminate that of the other type of soup. The same tendency was observed on the students preferring homemade type soup. 5. These results suggest the importance of taste education in junior high school.

View full abstract

Adolescents have a tendency to become anemic due to iron deficiency, which is caused by rapid growth. Therefore, education for senior high school students about the prevention of anemia is important, especially for females. This survey was carried out to investigate existing curriculla with regard to anemia prevention through diet and scientific mechanisms. We checked the high school students' knowledge about anemia prevention and their eating habits. We also assessed the available information regarding anemia that was contained in their existing texts. From these data we found that the students were uneducated about this issue. There was correlation between their interest for wellness and the preventive knowledge of anemia and a lower frequency of going without a meal during the week. We stressed the problems of present nutritional education, and we hope to develop teaching materials, including a visual method.

View full abstract

In this paper, we developed teaching materials for prevention of iron deficiency anemia, including a visual method. We tried to use the chemical color identification test, which would visually show the iron states in food, usable form Fe^<2+> or unusable form Fe^<3+>. We showed by the same test that the unusable iron form Fe^<3+> in food was converted to the usable form Fe^<2+>, which was absorbed by the body in the small intestine, by addition of vitamin C. Then we developed an audio visual educational aid (video) about prevention of iron deficiency containing the chemical color identification test for senior high school students. We carried out a pretest and a post-test to determine the effectiveness of this video aid, and found that it had a positive effect on the students' nutritional knowledge concerning anemia and the role of iron in the diet.

View full abstract