Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on a total of 167 children in five age groups: group I: infant, group II: 1-3 years, group III: 4-6 years, group IV: 7-11 years, group V: 12-16 years. All children had negative family histories for diabetes and were in good health. Glucose in the amount of 1.75gm/kg of ideal body weight (maximum dose-100gm.) was taken by mouth as a 25% solution in water. Levels of blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were measured in samples of venous blood, obtained at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes of the glucose tolerance. Blood glucose was determined by the Beckman glucoseanalyzer. Serum insulin (IRI) and C-peptide (CPR) was determined by radioimmunoassay (double antibody technic). The mean blood glucose, IRI and CPR values for each of the five age groups were compared with one another for each of the sampling periods.
In the present study, the author established Criteria for oral glucose tolerance test in children. 0-11 year age group: 1 hour 160; and 2 hour 140mg/100ml. 12-16 year age group: 1 hour 170; and 2 hour 150mg/100ml. Chemical diabetes is considered to be two values greater than criteria.
The fasting serum IRI and CPR levels in younger children were lower than those in older children. The mean IRI and CPR responses after glucose loading differed significantly between each group at each time point. IRI and CPR responses were increased significantly with age from toddler to adolescent. Serum IRI reached a peak at 30min, but serum CPR peaked at 60min. for each group.
The molar C-peptide concentration was higher than insulin. The nadir of the molar CPR: IRI ratios occured after 30min. with a gradual return toward the fasting level by the end of the test for each group.
The significant correlation between ΣIRI and ΣCPR could be found in children (=0.825). This result confirmed that the insulin secretory capacity of the pancreatic B-cell can be assessed by CPR response.
ΔIRI/ΔBS (30min.) and Square IRI/Square BS (60min.) increased significantly with age from younger groups to older groups. It thus becomes necessary to analyze ΔIRI/ΔBS (30min.) and Square IRI/Square BS (60min.) to oral glucose tolerance test according to the age of the child. Furthermore, the significant correlation between ΔIRI/ΔBS (30min.) and Square IRI/Square BS (60min.) could be found (=0.8045). Therefore, Square IRI/Square BS (60min.) has been proposed as a useful indicator of glucose tolerance.

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Among a variety of immunotherapeutic agents, BCG has been employed most popularl yagainst human cancer, and numerous therapeutic experiences have been accumulated, althoughgeneral conclusion is difficult to be reached regarding the therapeutic effects of BCG.
The author, in cooperation with Dr. T. Tokunaga (N.I.H., Japan), attempted immunotherap ywith oral BCG against mouse and guinea pig tumors.
Animals: dd Y, C57B L /6J and SWM/Ms, and Hartley/F and Strain 2 guinea pigs. Tumors: Ehrlich ascites tumor of dd Y, melanoma B 16 of C57 B L /6 J, fibrosarcoma H9A of Hartley/F, liposarcoma H10 of Hartley/F and Line-10 hepatocarcinoma of Strain 2. BCG (lyophilized;Japan BCG Lab) was administered once or twice a week at 80mg/guinea pig and 5mg/mouse, usually.
1) Delayed type skin reaction or footpad reaction were measured with PPD at intervalsafter oral BCG. As controls, animals given single subcutaneous injection with BCG were tested.PPD reactions in animals given oral BCG were much weaker than parenteral BCG. 2) After oral BCG, viable BCG were isolated from Peyer's patch and mesenteric nodes in oral group. Onthe other hand, BCG were isolated from spleen and liver but not mesenteric nodes and Peyer'spatch in parenteral BCG group. 3) Some of Ehrlich tumors regressed spontaneousely when 10cells were inoculated intradermally (18.8%).The tumors in mice given oral BCG regressed athigher rate (54.5%). 4) No effect of oral BCG was shown against melanoma B 16, and hepatoma Line-10. 5) Some of liposarcoma H10 were not taken by Hartley/F, when inoculatedintradermally. However the rate of taking was much lower in guinea pigs given oral BCG.Mean survival length of the BCG group was longer than non-treated control. 6) Thirty threepercent of H9A tumor regressed in guinea pigs given oral BCG, while all grew progressivelyin non-treated control.As shown in reults, some therapeutic effects of oral BCG were indicated in some tumors, such as Ehrlich and H9A, but not in others, such as B16 and Line-10. Dissemination of viable BCG was limitted within Peyer's patch and mesenteric nodes. Obviously oral route is muchsafer than dermal route in terms of BCG infection. Pathologic exa mination of Peyer's patchafter oral BCG revealed that proliferation of both T and B cells and infiltration of macrophagesare remarkable in these areas. We may expect that oral BCG can augment some immunologic Mean survival length of the BCG group was longer than non-treated control.( 6) Thirty threepercent of H9A tumor regressed in guinea pigs given oral BCG, while all grew progressivelyin non-treated control.
As shown in results, some therapeutic effects of oral BCG were indicated in some tumors, such as Ehrlich and H9A, but not in others, such as B 16 and Line-10. Dissemination of viable BCG was limitted within Peyer's patch and mesenteric nodes. Obviously oral route is muchsafer than dermal route in terms of BCG infection. Pathologic examination of Peyer's patchafter oral BCG revealed that proliferation of both T and B cells and infiltration of macrophagesare remarkable in these areas. We may expect that oral BCG can augment some immunologic tumor growths.

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There exist considerable literatures on the topographic studies of the splenic vessels, especially on the ramification of the splenic artery of Japanese adults. However, little work has beendone of Japanese fetuses. Only article concerning this subject was described by Aso in 1931, who reported the gathering of venous branches at hilus lienis of Japanese fetuses. He classifiedits gathering patterns into nine types, as shown in Fig. 1.
Purpose of this work is also to determine the ramification patterns of splenic artery at hiluslienis of Japanese fetuses. This study was performed in 50 cases as listed in Table 1. In orderto study the intrasplenic distribution of the vessels, author made corrosion casting specimens withsynthetic resin and rubber. The detailed description of the method and technique has been givenby Kikkawa (1969).
The primary objectives of this papaer are to clarify followings: 1) deviding patterns of thestem of a. lienalis by the splenic hilum, 2) origin of a. polaris superior and its course, (3) extralienalanastomosis of arterial branches, 4) origin and course of a. gastro-epiploica sinistra, and 5) origin and distribution of a. caudae pancreatis.
The results of authors observations showed no significant difference from those of the adultswhich described by Kikkawa in 1969.

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The adult avian's cerebral arteries of various species have been studied in generally by Hofmann (1900), Kaup (1918), Shiina and Miyata (1932), Kaku (1959), Kito (1962), Baumel 1962, 1967, 1968), Lierse (1963), Vitums (1965) and Richards (1967). However, the studies concerned with the embryonic development of these vesseles were few only reported by Kimura (1918), Hughes (1934) and Romanoff (1960).
Hitherto, the studies have not been done correlated with the development of the brain itself and the arteries of the avian and other species in either adult or embryonic stage. Also little has been studied on the Circulus arteriosus cerebri in the avian, farther more there have been reports that the avians generally do not form the circle comparable to that of mammals and reptiles. In 1975, Gadhoke reported about the turkey's brain arteries, but not in detail. In this paper the morphology of the cerebral arteries of the adult was studied in the 42 chicks and the 21 turkeys. The development of the cerebral arteries was observed in the chick embryos (6-13days) and was compared with the pig embryos (C-R length 15-32mm). Then the form and development of the Circulus arteriosus cerebri was investigated in the chicks, turkeys and chick embryos. As far as this study is concerned, the nomenclature of avian's cerebral arteries is made in correlation with those of the other animals from the view point of the ontogeny and comparative anatomy.

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(1) Effects of single shock stimulation of the mid-brain reticular formation, the amygdala, the sciatic nerve, and the structures near the tympanic cavity upon hippocampal pyramidal cells were studied by means of intracellular microelectrodes in rabbits, anesthetized with Nembutal and immobilized with D-tubocurarine.
(2) Regardless of site of stimulation, the responses induced were categorized into the following two types. Namely, they were either simple spike discharges with underlying small depolarizations or inactivation responses (IRs), i. e., large prolonged depolarizations with superposed spike bursts exhibiting progressive spike inactivations (magnitude: more than 20m V, duration: more than 40 msec).
(3) The IR was always produced in all-or-nothing fashion despite changes in the site of stimulation. Evidence was also found that the individual IR could be further subdivided into several components having an all-or-nothing property.
(4) Responses resulting from stimulation of the structures mentioned above exhibited long and variable latencies. These results indicate that the effect of stimulating these structures reached the hippocampus via multi-synaptic pathways.
(5) Stimulation of the mid-brain reticular formation could induce a potential resembling in waveform a pseudo-DAP (depolarizing after-potential) without being preceded by a spike. This is compatible with an earlier report that the pseudo-DAP in hippocampal pyramidal cells is independent of the spike.
(6) It was revealed that injury discharge of pyramidal cells could consist of rhythmically recurring IRs. As the cell deterioration progressed, the fast spikes, presumably somatic in origin, soon became totally inactivated, but the slow component of the IR survived without any appreciable changes in waveform. This is in agreement with the notion that the IR originates in the dendrites.

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It has been known that organic phosphate compounds, such as 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate and ATP, interact with hemoglobin molecule to lower its oxygen affinity and to increase the Bohr effect. There are many reports which are concerned with the interaction of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate and human hemoglobin. However, it is not always feasible to identify amino acid residue (s) in the hemoglobin molecule involved in the interaction which is electrostatic in nature.
The author attempted an experiment to clarify binding properties between pyridoxal 5′-phosphate which is bifunctional in the interaction with proteins and the two hemoglobins from eel, Anguilla japonica, differing from one another in their structure and function.
Results obtained are as follows:
1) Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate considerably lowers the oxygen affinity of E₁ hemoglobin, while it scarcely affects that of E₂ hemoglobin.
2) In the presence of both pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and inositol hexaphosphate, the oxygen affinity of E₁ hemoglobin is higher than that of the former alone and lower than that of the latter alone, respectively, indicating that these phosphate compounds compete for the same site (s) on the E₁ hemoglobin.
3) The stoichiometry of the covalent binding reaction of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and hemoglobin is two moles of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate per mole of E₁ deoxyhemoglobin with a binding constant of 1.4-10⁴M^-1, and one mole per mole of E2 deoxyhemoglobin with 2.4-10³M^-1, respectively.
4) Two moles of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate bound with hemoglobin are found in one of the two constituent subunits (the α and β chains). It is most conceivable that N-terminal amino group of the β chain which is not acetylated binds with aldehyde group of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate to form Schiff's base.
5) E₁ hemoglobin bound with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate through covalent bond showed an irreversibly lowered oxygen affinity. The maximal change in the oxygen affinity of E₁ hemoglobin is observed as one mole of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate binds with the E₁ hemoglobin molecule, suggesting a free amino group in either one of the two β chains, probably N-terminal amino group, as a possible binding site involved in lowering the oxygen affinity of E₁ hemoglobin.

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The authors observed a case of so-called Langerscher Achselbogen of an 81 year-old male.
The both right and left variational tendons spring from the cranial border of each Latissimus dorsi and cross the axilla ventrally over the axillary vessels and nerves, then join to the tendon of the Coracobrachialis and the short head of biceps brachii. The right tendon was 8.63cm in length, and 1.83cm in breadth and the left was 4.07cm in length, and 1.60cm in breadth.

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