1) The pyramidal cell in the kindled hippocampus of the rabbit was intracellularly studied and compared with that in the normal hippocampus.
2) As previously reported, what characterized the kindled hippocampus was the appearance of a spontaneous hyperpolarization in the pyramidal cell. Practically all the pyramidal cells in the kindled hippocampus showed spontaneous hyperpolarizations. The hyperpolarization consisted of Cl-dependent and Cl-non-dependent components. The former was evidently the somatic IPSP. On the other hand, the latter was interpreted as the dendritic IPSP. This was supported by the fact that there was an interictal positivity in the apical dendrite layer.
3) There was no evidence whatsoever that indicated an increased excitability of the pyramidal cell. This showed that the kindled hippocampus was essentially different from the penicillin-treated hippocampus. It was suggested that the former was similar to the human brain in the interictal phase, whereas the latter was similar to that in status epilepticus.
4) In a few pyramidal cells there was a slow depolarization which could possibly trigger a seizure discharge and the nature of the slow depolarization was discussed. However, the slow depolarization was not peculiar to the kindled hippocampus.

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The reliability of the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (B/C) ratio in localizing the bleeding site in pediatric patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhages was evaluated retrospectively. Supplementary experiments on rats and rabbits were also conducted.
The study population included 69 children ranging in age from 6 days to 16 years (mean age, 7y8m) with succesful radiographic, endoscopic, and surgical identification of the bleeding site. Patients with renal disease, liver disease and coagulopathy were excluded.
The upper gastrointestinal bleeding site was segregated from the lower one defined by the ligament of Treitz.
For the 38 upper gastrointestinal bleeders, B/C values ranged from 7.8-69.0 (mean 28.8.±15.4 SD). For the 31 lower gastrointestinal bleeders the values ranged from 4.3-28.5 (mean 18.9±6.9 SD). A significant difference between the two groups was noted after (p<0.01) analysis. No patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding had values higher than 30. In the group of 17 bleeders with a value higher than 30, 8 patients were examined again from 2-5 days after they had been identified as having bleeding to prove that the bleeding had stopped. At the time of identification of no-bleeding, B/C values were calculated at under 30 in every patient. There was no significant correlation between Hb (g/dl) and B/C.
With respect to our experiments on animals, the B/C ratio was evaluated in rats with gastric or small intestinal ulcers. Though B/C was 34.4±4.4 under normal conditions, it increased significantly to 114.0 ±8.8 in rats with gastrointestinal ulcers, while in those with small intestinal ulcers B/C did not increase significantly (40.3 ±12.3).
Twenty ml of blood from ear veins of rabbits was infused into a) stomach b) small intestine (no-hemolysis blood) c) small intestine (hemolysis blood).
For a) and c), B/C increased in a similar pattern. For b) the increase was small. Infusing 5 ml, 10 ml, and 15 ml of the whole blood into the stomach indicated that the volume of blood did not influence the change of B/C values, while the infusion of 3 ml of serum caused only a small increase.
According to these studies the increase in the B/C ratio after upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage has been postulated to result from the procedure in which the hemorrhage blood is fragmented or hemolysed by HCI and digestive enzymes in the gastric juices; and consequently the BUN in red blood cells as well as in serum is rapidly absorbed from the upper small intestine.
Volume of blood has little influence upon B/C. Calculation of the B/C ratio in the initial evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding may prove useful in the following situations.
1) When B/C is higher than 30, upper gastrointestinal bleeding is strongly suspected.
2) Reducing of B/C>30 to values under 30 indicates thatmacroscopic bleeding has been stopped.

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The underlying mechanism of the early increase in K⁺ conductance during metabolic inhibition was examined by the whole-cell patch clamp technique. To inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, cyanide (0.1-1.0 mM) was superfused to enzymatically isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes. The increase in the outward K⁺ current during the metabolic inhibition consisted of at least two components; one was a gradual and small increase which appeared within 5 min, and the other was a subsequent sudden and large increase occurring 17.8 min on average after cyanide application at a concentration of 0.1 mM. The earlier component of the cyanide-sensitive current was examined by the square pulse method. The current had a reversal potential of. 76.0 mV and an inward-rectifying property. When cyanide (0.1 mM) was applied for 10-12 min, the chord conductance of the inward rectifier K⁺ current (I_K1) was significantly increased and its voltage relation was shifted to hyperpolarizing direction (-2.3 mV). The cyanide could not induce an outward current in K⁺ free ionic condition or in the presence of extracellular Ba²⁺ (2mM), a blocker of the I_K1. However, the outward current even appeared in the presence of 5 mM ATP in the perfused solution in pipette, while it attenuated when intracellular pH was buffered with 50 mM HEPES in the pipette solution. These observations suggest that the early increase in K⁺ conductance during the metabolic inhibition is due to the augumented I_K1 conductance and not due to the induction of ATP-sensitive K⁺ current. The increase in the K⁺ conductance may be caused by the intracellular pH change, probably through intracellular metabolic acidosis by the inhibited oxidative phosphorylation.

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In this study, we investigate the percentage and absolute number of granular lymphocytes (GL) in venous blood smears and the percentage of CD16⁺ and CD57⁺ lymphocytes in the peripheral venous blood of91 healthy controls (1 to 29 years old) and 168 patients with various diseases (1 month to 36 years old). GL were morphologically classified into four subsets: large-sized lymphocytes with large granules (LL-LG), large-sized lymphocytes with small granules (LL-SG), medium-sized lymphocytes with large granules (ML-LG) and medium-sized lymphocytes with small granules (ML-SG).
The results were as follows:
1) In the controls, the percentage of GL in total lymphocytes was 10.06.2% (mean1SD). Therefore its normal value was below 22.4% (mean + 2SD). The absolute count of GL was 320.7221.0/mm³. The percentages of LL-LG, LL-SG, ML-LG and ML-SG in total lymphocytes were 1.72.2%, 2.32.8%, 2.6 2.3% and 3.4.7%, respectively.
2) In flow cytometric studies, the percentage of CD16⁺ in the controls was 10.26.7%; CD57⁺, 8.2 5.1%; CD57⁺ CD16⁺, 4.23.3%; CD57⁺ CD16^-, 4.0 2.8%; CD57^- CD16⁺, 6.44.8%. The distribution patterns of lymphocytes by two-color analysis with FITC-labelled anti-CD16 and PE-labelled anti-CD57 monoclonal antibodies in the controls were classified into four groups.
3) Only seven of the 168 patients exhibited significantly high percentage of GL in total lymphocytes. They consisted of 4 splenectomized patients and 3 patients with pancytopenia, two of whom had pancytopenia complicated by immunoglobulin deficiency. Five of the 7 patients also had markedly high percentage of CD16⁺ and/or CD57⁺ lymphocytes. In these 5 patients, the ratios of four subsets of GL and the distribution patterns of lymphocytes with CD16 and CD57 surface antigenswere different from the patient to patient andthose for controls.

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Clinical signs, skull X-P, computerized tomography (CT), continious monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP), and serial recording of auditory brainstem response (ABR) were examined in 22 cases of traumatic posterior fossa hematoma.
Fifteen of the patients were male and seven were female. Their ages ranged from 3 to 86 years old (mean 35.2 years). The causes of the head injuries were traffic accidents in 13 cases and falls in 9 cases. The site of cranial impact was occipital in all cases but one. Saggital impact was most common and skull fractures were found in the occipital regions in 19 cases. States of consciousness on admission as measured by the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) were GCS 15 in 2 cases, GCS 9-14 in 9 cases and GCS 3-8 in 11 cases. CT findings of posterior fossa included 10 cases of intracerebellar hematoma, 8 cases of epidural hematoma, 2 cases of combined epidural and intracerebellar hematoma and 2 cases of subdural hematoma. Associated CT findings of the supratentorial region were noted in 18 cases (82%), and most of them showed contrecoup injuries in the frontal region. Six cases of 8 epidural hematomas of the posterior fossa indicated combined epidural hematomas in the occipital region. ICP was monitored in 11 of the 22 cases. Pre-operative ICP monitoring (5 cases) indicated an operative decision. ABR was recorded in 5 cases. Serial ABR recording provides reliable information about brain stem function. The hematoma was evacuated in 15 cases. The Glasgow outcome scale administered 3 months after trauma indicated good recovery in 2 cases, moderate disability in 6 cases, severe disability in 2 cases, persistent vegetative state in 1 case and death in 9 cases.
It has become obvious that there are many types of CT findings in posterior fossa hematomas, and that continious ICP monitoring is very important to determine the timing of surgery and to protect against secondary brain damage caused by increased ICP.

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Western countries, accounting for almost one third of all cutaneous malignant melanomas.
In this context, pigmented spots on the feet which can be thought of as precursor lesions of malignant melanomas attract a great deal of attention from clinical dermatologists.
In this study, 159 pigmented spots, consisting of 110 on the soles as well as 49 on the dorsal lesion have been studied clinically and histopathologically to clarify their relationship with the development of malignant malanomas.
The results were as follows:
1) Junction new were most commonly observed at both sites.
2) Lesions tended to be darker in color and bigger in size as they proceeded from the simple lentigo to the junctional and compound nevi.
3) Most of the lesions were flat, but the elevated lesions were seen more frequently in the compound nevi and intradermal nevi which contained more dermal components. Also, lesions on the soles appeared to be more elevated.
4) Among the 21 cases which showed some cutaneous change, one case showed histopathological evidence of a premalignant lesion.
5) In the pigmented spots on the feet, the initial signs of premalignant transformation were skin elevation, more pronounced spot growth, measuring up to 5 mm in diameter, and dark black coloring (pigmentation).
Therefore preventive excision of the lesion is recommended in cases where any of the three above features are in evidence.

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