The enzymes, located on the surface of the intestinal brush border membrane engage in “membrane dige stion”. The work of these enzymes is mainly the hydrolysis of digestible oligosaccharides and peptides into monomers and the transport of the products within the cells. Maltase is one of the representative enzymes within this category. The properties of maltases (EC. 3.2. 1.20 and EC. 3.2.1.48/10) inthe small intestine of adult rats were investigated and the physiological change of the activities from weanling to adult was investigated.
For the purification of the enzymes, the brush border fraction was solubilized by papain treatment, then separated into individual enzymes by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration through Sepharose 2 B, 6 B and Bio-Gel P-300. Type 1 had a molecular weight of 270, 000 Dal by SDS polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and showed activities of sucraseisomaltase and maltase which indicated that type 1 was a sucrase-isomaltase complex (EC. 3.2.1. 48/10). However, type 2 had a molecular weight of 570, 000 Dal and showed only maltase activity (EC. 3.2.1.20). Type 2 maltase had a higher activity for maltose than type 1. The Km for type 2 was 1.88mM in contrast to 3.90 mM for type 1. There was also a difference in heat stability between the two enzymes. The activity of type 1 was 41.6% of the total in adult rats. Seventeen days after birth the activity of type 1 was only 18.9%, but type 1 maltase increased to the adult level by 21 days after birth.
These results indicate that type 2 maltase is more dominant in the suckling rat intestine, then changes to the ratio of type 1/2 after the weanling to the consistent level of the adult.

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To serve as a control for the existing commercial influenza vaccine, a vaccine containing a larger amount of influenza virus than the existing one was tentatively prepared. Two groups of school children between the ages of 6 and 13 years old were inoculated twice with 0.3 ml of the existing vaccine (group A) or the tentatively prepared vaccine (group B) ; that is, in the same manner as used in the existing inoculation program. Then they were examined and compared 3 days after inoculation for the appearance of any side effects. The following results were obtained.
1) There was a tendency for the local reactions to appear at a higher frequency in group B than in group A. There was no difference in the frequency of appearance of the systemic reactions between the two groups.
2) The frequency of the appearance of side effects tended to be higher in the children in higher grades (from the 4 th to the 6 th grade) than in those in lower grades (from the 1st to the 3 rd grade).
3) The frequency of the appearance of local and systemic reactions tended to be lower in each group inoculated with vaccine after the second inoculation than after the first inoculation.
4) When the group of chidren with a strong resistance to disease was compared with that with a weak resistance to disease, the frequency of the appearance of local and systemic reactions tended to be higher in the latter than in the former.
From the results mentioned above, it was concluded that to prevent an epidemic of influenza from spreading, the same dose of vaccine should be applied effectively to both primary school children between the ages of 6 and 13 years old and to lower secondary school children between the ages of 13 and 15 years old. It was also concluded that there was little difference between the two groups in the frequency of the appearance of side effects to inoculation with vaccine.

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An epidemic of Russian type A influenza was prevalent in Japan during the 1983-1984 period. When the weekly incidence of this disease in Tokyo was compared to that of the whole country, a remarkable chronological difference was seen epidemiologically. To interpret the chronological difference in the occurrence of the epidemic, meteorological conditions were examined in the Tokyo, Hokkaido, Osaka, Shimane and Fukuoka districts. The following results were obtained:
1) Over a period from November, 1983 to March, 1984, there were more days when the average atmospheric temperature was lower than that in an average year. The rate of those days over this period to those in an average year was about 60% in the Hokkaido district, about 80% in the Tokyo, Osaka, and Shimane districts, and 73% in the Fukuoka district. Therefore, usually low temperatures were prevalent all over the country during this period, which is an epidemic season of influenza. There were no large differences in that rate among the five districts.
2) In the early stage of this period (November to December, 1983), the number of days when the average relative humidity was less than 50% was significantly larger in the Tokyo district than in any other district. It was also significantly larger in the Tokyo district in that stage than in the same stage of an average year. On the contrary, the number of days when the average relative humidity was more than 60% was significantly smaller in the Tokyo district than in any other district. It was also significantly smaller in the Tokyo district in that stage than in the same stage of an average year.
3) In the late stage of the period examined (January to March, 1984), the number of days when the average relative humidity was more than 60% was significantly smaller in the Hokkaido, Shimane, and Fukuoka districts than that in the same stage, or January to March, of an average year. On the other hand, it was significantly larger in the Tokyo district in these months of 1984 than in the same month of an average year.
In conclusion, the chronological difference in the occurrence of an influenza epidemic in the Tokyo district over the period from November, 1983 to March, 1984, could be interpreted meteorologically. That is, it was brought about by the fact that there were a large number of days in this district in November and December, 1983, when the average relative humidity was less than 50%, and a small number of days in the same district in the same period when the average relative humidity was more than 60%.

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In the presence of a steady ambient illuminance there occur two changes in the horizontal-cell incremental response; 1) The incremental sensitivity decreases which is Weber-Fechner like phenomena. 2) The response becomes faster. The response to a modulation around a mean is linear: This is a piecewise linearization. With the classical spot-annular experiment, a steady annulus of light increases the incremental sensitivity, makes the response faster, and linearizes the response. I propose to refer to the set of changes as the Rushtonian transformation which is an extension of Rushton's idea of field adaptation.

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The present experiments were performed to investigate the influence of bile acid and antibiotics on the growth of Vibrio cholerae biotype eltor and Escherichia coli.
One strain of V. cholerae and two strains of E. coli which were different in sensitivity to antibiotics, were tested in vitro separately and together under the presence of sodium desoxycholate DC) and antibiotics. DC was used at a concentration similar to that in the human (small intestine. Six antibiotics were separately added at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against V. cholerae.
The results were as follows:
1) DC easily inhibited V. cholerae. When a large number of E. coli was added, the inhibition increased.
2) E. coli was a little inhibited by DC. But when a small number of E. coli was cultured with V. cholerae, E. coli was inhibited by the presence of V. cholerae regardless the presence of DC.
3) DC strongly enhanced the antibacterial activity of ampicillin (ABPC), cephalothin (CET) and amikacin sulfate (AMK) against V. cholerae with increasing DC concentration, but had little effect on tetracycline (TC). The influence of DC on polymyxin B (PLB) and colistin (CL) varied with DC concentrations.
4) DC slightly enhanced the antibacterial activity of ABPC, CET and AMK against the sensitive strain of E. coli with increasing DC concentration, but had little effect on TC, PLB and CL. DC had no influence on all six antibiotics against the resistant strain of E. coli.
5) In the mixed culture of V. cholerae and a large number of E. coli, the antibacterial activity of ABPC, CET, AMK, and PLB against V. cholerae decreased as compared with that in a single culture. But DC inhibited the decrease.
6) The resistance to ABPC and CET transferred from resistant strain of E. coli to V. cholerae. DC inhibited the transfer of resistance to ABPC with increasing DC concentration, and completely inhibited that of resistance to CET, regardless of DC concentration.

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Splenectomy is known to increase the risk of overwhelming bacterial infection. The spleen seems to play an important role in host defence mechanisms. Recently, a number of studies on the role of the spleen employing human subjects as well as experimental animals have been carried out. However, the results are controversial.
In this study, the effect of splenectomy and splenic autotransplantation on cell-mediated immunity were examined by evaluating mitogen and antigen induced proliferation of murine peripheral lymph node cells. The results obtained were as follows :
1) The proliferative response of peripheral lymph node cells to PHA and OCB-BGG in splenectomized mice seemed to be greater as compared with that in sham-operated mice at the 6 th and 8 th week after the operation.
2) Lymphocyte subpopulation of peripheral lymph node using monoclonal antibodies was carried out in order to investigate the cause of the highly proliferative response of the lymphocytes in the splenectomized mice. The total number of T- and B-cell population and that of helper and suppressor T-cell subpopulation were measured respectively. However, no significant difference was observed between splenectomized and sham-operated groups.
3) In the mice of one-third splenic tissue was autotransplanted to the omental pouch a complete regenerative finding was observed histologically at the 8 th week after the operation and the normal immunological reactivity was observed in the autotransplanted group of mice as well as the sham-operated group of mice.

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Iron binding proteins obtained from rat intestinal mucosa were analysed in order to clarify their roles in iron absorption. The upper intestinal mucosa of rats which were administered a ⁵⁹Fe solution through a stomach tube was homogenized with a Dounce homogenizer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 20, 000. g and then the precipitate was extracted with Triton X-100. Two iron binding proteins (Peak 1 and Peak 2) were isolated by gel filtration on Sepharose 6 B from the supernate and Triton extract. Since Peak 2 has been identified as mucosal ferritin, Peak 1 was analysed.
Peak 1 was a large molecular membrane protein with an isoelectric point of 2.5, whose apparent molecular weight was over 10⁶ as estimated by gel filtration. In the time course experiment, the amount of ⁵⁹Fe incorporated into Peak 1 decreased from the maximal value found at one hour, while that into ferritin onthe contrary increased up to five hours. This finding suggested that ⁵⁹Fe of Peak 1 was transferred to ferritin.
SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of Peak 1 from the supernate and Triton extract revealed four bands whose apparent molecular weights were in the range of 145, 000 to 78, 000. They were stained by both Coomassie brilliant blue and PAS stain. Although Peak 1 reacted weakly against anti-human lactoferrin antiserum by immunoprecipitin reaction, the nature of these protein bands separated by SDS-PAGE could not be further characterized.
To determine the subcellular localization of Peak 1, the brush border membrane from the upper intestinal mucosal homogenate of rats orally administered the ⁵⁹Fe solution was prepared by the CaC1₂ precipitation method. Two ⁵⁹Fe peaks were isolated by gel filtration on Sepharose 6 B from both the Triton extract of the brush border membrane and the CaC1₂ precipitate. Peak 1 found in the CaC1₂ precipitate was shown to be a contaminant of Peak 1 in the brush border, because ⁵⁹Fe per total sucrase activity of Peak 1 from the brush border was coincident with that from the CaCl₂ precipitate in a similar experiment. Therefore, it was suggested that Peak 1 was localized on the brush border membrane.
These results show that Peak 1, a large molecular iron binding protein, participates in the initial step of iron absorption.

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The first step in acquiring the information and data in the field of public health is the socalled social research, which is the investigation into the regional social structure as well as the social consciousness. When it is actually conducted, however, various difficulties are encountered. In particular, any attempt to identify the consciousness is susceptible to greater difficulties, in that there exist two tiers therein : Tatemae and Honne as they are distinguished in the Japanese language.
In conducting the field study for experimental purposes, Honne was deemed to represent the in-depth emotional consciousness and Tatemae, the superficial intellectual consciousness.
When the field survey was conducted, the questionnaire (mainly dealing with the superficial consciousness) drew a line between any two of the four tested areas. The colour choice test (mainly dealing with the in-depth consciousness) revealed that, at the deepest level of consciousness, the three tested areas have almost identical characters, and that only one area has a unique character different from the others.
In this regard, acknowledging the dual structure of the human mind bears an invaluable significance, as it brings other techniques for approaching public health to light.
In conclusion this paper recommends the name “The Double Dimensional Technique” to refer to the afore-mentioned technique of approaching the in-depth and the superficial consciousness concurrently.

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