To investigate the correlation between cerebral hemodynamic responses and CT lesions in cerebral infarction at the chronic stage, the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied in patients suffering from cerebral infarction with mental deterioration (38 cases) and patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease without mental deterioration (CVD, 58 cases). Following intra-carotid injection of Xenon-133, rCBF was calculated according to Initial Slope Index (ISI).
These 38 demented patients were all found to fall in the category of cerebrovascular dementia by means of evaluating them with Hasegawa's score and Loeb's modified ischemic score (added X-ray CT findings).
They were classified into two subgroups, single infarct dementia (SID, No.=15) and multiple infarcts dementia (MID, No.=23) on the basis of X-ray CT lesion. With regard to the distribution of CT lesions in SID most of the lesions were located in the left parieto-temporal area and in MID most of them in the anterior half of the basal ganglia. The mean rCBF was compared between age matched groups of CVD without dementia and the two subgroups of SID and MID.
The results obtained were as follows.
1) In both SID and MID patients, reduction of mean rCBF was below 30ml/100g brain/minute in most cases. Oxygen consumption (CMR-O2) was also reduced.
2) The response to 5% CO2 inhalation was decreased in MID.
3) Most cases (66%) of SID and MID showed no focal ischemic pattern. There was no specific rCBF pattern in MID. Left and right mean rCBF values were different in SID, but not in MID.
4) There was a significant correlation between Hasegawa's score and mean rCBF in MID (p<0.01) and no significant difference in the average Hasegawa's score between the two subgroups.
5) There were no significant differences in mean rCBF values between the two demented subgroups. There was a correlation between the size of CT lesions and the mean rCBF in the non-demented subgroups, but not in the demented subgroups.
6) In MID, a significant reduction of gray matter flow was recognized, which suggests that there was cortical impairement in MID.

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The relationship between the vascular basement membrane of the newly formed blood vessels and Type IV collagen was examined light- and electron-microscopically and immunohistochemically in granulation tissue of rabbit backs after implantation of sponge material. The following results were obtained:
1) A three layered structure was observed in the granulation, 10 days after implantation. The outermost, middle and innermost layers were seen to be a matured granulation layer, a juvenile granulation layer and a fibrin fiber layer respectively.
2) There were changes presumably resulted from the fragility of the newly formed blood vessels of the juvenile granulation layer, that is a detachment of the basement membrane from the endothelial cells, and imbibition of erythrocytes between them in the newly formed blood vessel.
3) The newly developed blood vessels of the juvenile granulation layer showed findings that indicated the immaturity of the vascular basement membrane: irregular thickening and multi-layered change.
4) Hemangioendothrial projections were found to extend through the basement membrane collagen to outside in the newly formed blood vessels of the juvenile granulation layer.

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The epiblast of chick blastoderm was observed by scanning electron microscope at the definitive primitive streak stage (St. 4: Hamburger and Hamilton 1951), pre-primitive streak stage (St.1) and younger blastoderm (2 h.incubation).
Surface differentiation of the epiblast was found as early as the younger blastodermal stage.
On the epiblast of the St.4 blastoderm, the surface structure was classified into 3 basic types (type-a, -b and -c cell).
Type-a cell had mushroom-shaped or glass-bell-like processes at the cell boundaries and no microvilli. Many of the cells among type-a cells had a single cilium. Type-a cell was distributed mainly in the central area around the Hensen's node (area I). Type-b cell had a rather smaller in number of microvilli in the central part of the cell surface than on the cell boundaries. Cells with a single cilium were smaller in number than type-a cells. Type-b cells were localized mainly in the peripheral area of the pars pellucida (area II). Type-ccells had a great number of microvilli on the whole cell surface. Single cilium was never found in this type of cell which occupied the pars opaca (area III) of the blastoderm. The correlation between the distribution pattern of the three basic types of cells and the prospective fate of the epiblastic cells was also discussed.

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In the present study of the rat, in order to observe the distribution areas of neurons sending their axons into the anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes and to analyse quantitatively the number of spinocerebellar tract neurons, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled neurons were examined throughout the length of the spinal cord after HRP injection into the anterior or posterior cerebellar lobe.
The distribution areas of labeled neurons sending their axons into the anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes were almost the same in all cases, which were described as follows: central cervical nucleus of C1-C4, Clarke's column (CC) of T1-L2, spinal border cells (SBCs) of T11-L5, ventrolateral part of the ventral horn (VL) of L6-Ca, lamina V of C1-Ca, lamina VI of C1-C8 and of L2-L5, lamina VII of C1-Ca, and lamina VIII of C 1-L6. The number of neurons sending their axons into the posterior lobe was about half the number of those sending them into the anterior lobe.
In all areas except in lamina VI of C1-C8, the number of labeled neurons sending their axons into the anterior lobe was, at various ranges, more than that of the labeled neurons sending their axons into the posterior lobe. Particularly in VL and lamina VIII, the number of projection neurons into the anterior lobe greatly exceeded that projecting into the posterior lobe. In all cases, the number of labeled neurons of CC, which constitutes the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, was the largest as compared with that of labeled neurons in other areas. Namely, of the total number of neurons projecting into the anterior lobe and of the total number of those into the posterior lobe, 41% and 46% were labeled, respectively. The number of labeled neurons both in SBCs and lamina V of T11-L5 which constitute the ventral spinocerebellar tract and in laminae V, VI and VII of C5-C8 which constitute the rostral spinocerebellar tract was only 14% of the total number of labeled neurons after injection into the anterior lobe. The number of labeled neurons in all these areas constituting the ventral and rostral spinocerebellar tracts was only 21% of the total number of labeled neurons after injection into the posterior lobe. It should be emphasized that recently identified spinocerebellar tract neurons, (i.e. excluding dorsal, ventral and rostral spinocerebellar tract neurons), constituted 45% of the total number of projection neurons after injection into the anterior lobe and 33% of the total number of those after injection into the posterior lobe.

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Using small preparations (0.2 X 0.2 X 0.2 mm) of the rabbit sinus node, I studied the effects of hypoxia (PO₂=20 mmHg) on the sinus node pace maker. Hypoxic perfusion caused a progressive decrease in the spontaneous firing frequency, eventually leading to quiescence. The membrane potential attained at the cessation of spontaneous activity was -51.0 ± 3.5 mV, which was significantly more negative than that obtained by verapamil perfusion (-42.0 ± 1.0 mV) under a normoxic condition (PO₂=140 mmHg). The termination of spontaneous firing by hypoxic superfusion was preceded by a decrease in the rate of diastolic depolarization. The action potential duration tended to be shortened but no significant changes were observed in other parameters of the action potential. Continuous hypoxic superfusion caused a greater hyperpolarization to -63 ± 6 mV. Such changes were reversed with the resumption of normoxic superfusion. The time course of hyperpolarization was accompanied by a reduction in the membrane resistance, suggesting an increased membrane permiability. Voltage clamp experiments using the double microelectrode method were carried out during the initial normoxic superfusion and after the cessation of spontaneous firing with hypoxia. The current-voltage (i-v) relationships were shifted outward by hypoxia at potentials positive to -80 mV, and the magnitude of the shift became greater with the application of more positive test potentials. The hypoxiainduced component of the steady-state current had a reversal potential of -79.2 ± 3.7 mV and showed no time dependency. The slow inward current was not significantly altered on cessation of the action potential. These results suggest that the depression of sinus node automaticity by hypoxia results from an increase in the K' current, which was formerly supposed to be a change in the background current.

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β-endorphin (β-end), methionin-enkephalin (Met-enk) and noradrenaline (Norad) in the plasma and spinal fluid of patients with cerebral vascular disease (CVD) were measured at intervals from the onset of disease, and opioid peptide during CVD was studied. During CVD, β-end level in the spinal fluid was elevated significantly, but, this elevation was not detected in the plasma, suggesting that it was due to advance in production or secretion of the substance by CNS cells.
In addition, it was suspected that the tissue Na ion level was elevated due to ischemic cerebral edema as a consequence of CVD, probably causing the changes in the structure of opioid receptor by allosteric effect resulting in the inhibition of binding/breakdown of β-end and its eventual release into the spinal fluid.
Plasma Met-enk, which is present in the same granule as Norad within the adrenal cells, also increased at the time of onset of CVD and again increased during the acute phase of the disease, showing a significant negative correlation with plasma Norad during and after the subacute phase of cerebral hemorrhage, suggesting that opioid peptide functions as a feedback mechanism in the control of the autonomic nervous system during CVD.

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The presacral space (PS) distance on the double-contrast lateral radiograph of the rectum was measured in 407 Japanese patients, of which 395 (200 men and 195 women) had no particular rectal diseases and 12 (7 men and 5 women) had ulcerative colitis.
In the former group of patients, the mean PS distances were 4.2±2.1 mm in male and 2.6±1.3 mm in female, respectively. The PS distance of over 7.5 mm was seen in 5.5% of the male patients, whereas that of over 5 mm was seen in 5.1% of the female patients. These cases were considered to be in the range of normal variant. Therefore, the nomal PS distances of under 7.5 mm in male and under 5 mm in female were well documented. If the fat tissue would be easily accumulated in the PS under the physiological condition, some cases of the increased PS distance induced by marked fatty proliferation observed by the CT image should even be considered as normal variant.
On the other hand, in the latter group of patients, the mean PS distances were 8.0 ± 1.9 mm in male and 6.1 ± 2.1 mm in female, respectively. These data were significantly higher than those of the former group. The increased width of the PS distance in ulcerative colitis was considered to be mainly caused by the proliferation of fibrotic fat tissue in the PS. With respect to the widened PS distance, the differentiation between ulcerative colitis and normal variant was difficult to evaluate accurately. However, the author emphasized in the present paper that it was possible to differentiate ulcerative colitis from normal control with the PS distance which was not widened.
Several cases of the extremely widened PS distance were presented by X-ray CT image and consequently, CT scan was of great use in making the component factor of the widened PS clear.

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Localization of Na⁺, K⁺ -ATPase was investigated at the light and electron microscopic level by using antisera on the catalytic subunit of human Na⁺, K⁺ -ATPase in human and rat renal tissues. a subunit of Na⁺, K⁺ -ATPase was extracted from the gel of SDS-PAGE as an immune antigen and injected into rabbits for producing the antibody. The specificity of the antibody was checked by the double immunodiffusion method and a single precipitation arc between the antisera and the immunizing antigen was confirmed. Under light microscopic examination, the reaction product was recognized at the luminal surface of the proximal and distal tubular epithelia of human and rat kidneys. On ultrastructural observation, the reaction product was observed at the brush border, the basolateral plasma membrane of the tubular epithelium and the endothelium of capillary vessels of the interstitium in the rat kidney. This is to describe immunohistochemical localization of human Na⁺, K⁺ -ATPase in the human kidney.

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