Until about 10 years ago, didn't we have any scientific study about the principle of medical education, instructional methods nor strategies.
From this viewpoint I would like to outline the actual medical education.
Since Miller's analysis about the medical needs which implied social needs as well as student's needs and besides of his work about the need of the medical schools, he established a new method for medical education using the instructional methods of other scientific fields, thus a new medical education was born.
The WHO supports his work and the new medical education methods; the WHO established also, the Regional Teacher Training Center (RTTC) in Sydney, Australia. Many delegates from Asian countries participated on the workshop for the new medical education and have been trained as we reported in 1975.
The medical education of the University of Illinois and the McMaster University are the leaders in the field of the new medical education. And even at the Columbia and Harvard Universities, with their proud tradition from over 200 years, new scientific educational methods have been elaborated and they made a special effort in the field of integrated curriculum and comprehensive medical care.
We should also mention that almost all medical schools in the U.S.A. have a chair of primary care course which make us believe in their enthusiasm for primary care.
I reported before about the increasing number of students who are willing to take the course in primary care, but it is only through the social need and with the economical support of the government that the course of primary care will develop.
I mentioned too, the principle of curriculum planning, GIO (general instructional objectives), SBO (specific behavioral objectives) and the importance of evaluations. Further, I introduced the MPL (minimum pass level) as well as the instructional medias such as, patients on paper, simulated patients, other simulators and CAI (computer assisted instruction).

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A major and three minor RNase exhibiting their activity at neutral pH were found in bullfrog liver homogenates. These RNases were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Total purification was 1, 100 to 1, 600-fold, and average recovery was 35%. The molecular weight estimated by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 12, 000 for all the components.
An antibody against the major RNase (component B) reacted with the major RNase to form a single precipitin line on double immunodiffusion and inhibited the activity of the major RNase but did not cross-react with the other three components and bovine pancreatic RNase A.
Amino acid analyses revealed that the major RNase differed markedly from the other three RNase components in the contents of eight amino acid residues, whereas the minor RNases were similar to each other.
The major RNase was widely distributed not only in liver but also in other tissues of bullfrog, and the activity in the liver markedly increased at the metamorphic climax.

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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP/oxaloacetate-carboxylyase (transphosphorylating) EC 4. 1. 1. 32), a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis, is found inboth the cytosol and mitochondrial compartments of the liver, although the distribution of the enzyme in the two cell compartments depends upon the species. The cytosol enzyme activity in bullfrog liver shows seasonal variation, but the mitochondrial enzyme activity does not.
The cytosol phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase has been purified to electrophoretical homogeneity from bullfrog liver homogenate. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight approximately 72, 000-75, 000. The purified enzyme catalyzes pyruvate formation from oxaloacetate, oxaloacetate decarboxylation (nucleoside triphosphate supported), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation and an exchange reaction between oxaloacetate and [¹⁴C] HCO₃^- in the presence of ITP or GTP.
Manganese ion is absolutely required for the enzyme catalyzed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, whereas it can be replaced by Mg²⁺ for the oxaloacetate decarboxylation and the exchange reaction. The optimal pH of each reaction is dependent on the divalent metal ion used. The Km value for Mn²⁺ is markedly different for the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation and oxaloacetate decarboxylation reaction.

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The thyroid gland is regarded as one of the most closely related visceral organs to the metabolic activity of the man. The author has investigated the arteriosclerotic process, involving the vessels distributing in the thyroid gland and clarified the fact that the definite differences in extension and severity of the arteriosclerosis between thyroid gland and other visceral organs. The present investigation was dealt with the light and electron microscopic observation of the arteries, distributing in the thyroid gland.
The materials were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 81 cases, aged of the glands which showed no thyroid disease and were served as control. They w0e. r9e2, varied in ages. The second group consisted of 69 cases which showed clinical evidences for hyperthyroidism.
A experimental study, using rats has been installed. One unit of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) had been intramuscularly given to induce the hyperthyroidism, and 0.1mg of methimazole was orally given for two weeks to induce the hypothyroidism. Simultaneously, the rats of various age groups were investigated.
The arteries measuring 10 to 300μ in diameter were mainly investigated.
Interestingly enough, the extent of the arteriosclerosis in the arteries, distributing in the thyroid gland remained to be lesser extent in comparison with general visceral arteries. Ultrastructurally, in the hyperthyroidism the arteries were induced in striking development of the vesicular system as well as swelling and hyperplasia of the endothelial and the medial cells. Inter-cellular matrix revealed increases of elastic fibrils and increase of ruthenium red positive mucopolysaccharide which showed no definite periodicity and polarity.
More impressively, the vesicles in the medial cells contained tannic acid stain positive high density materials which might be liberated into the cellular matrix and might be justifiable as ultrastructural evidence for elastic and collagenous fibril formation.
In the comparative study of arteriosclerosis in aging, the arteries showed decrease of elastic fibrils in the intercellular matrix, while the collagenous fibrils tended to increase as the age proceed.
In this study, it was demonstrated that a lesser extent of arteriosclerosis, increase of elastic observed compared with the other visceral organs. More remarkable changes found in the hyperthyroidism.
These findings might be due to the specificity of the anatomical vascular distributing pattern and the indirect action of thyroid hormone to the intermediated metabolism.

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The studies reported here were conducted on the total number of sixty persons (ten healthy persons and fifty patients with hypertension and cerebrovascular injuries). In order to make a comparative study between the degrees of arteriosclerotic changes both in intra- and extracranial arteries by cerebral angiography and the measurements of cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral vascular resistance (CVR), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean cerebral circulation time MCCT), and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) with the application of RISA.
The cerebral angiographic findings were divided into two parts, the intracranial vessels above the carotid siphon and the internal carotid artery outside the cranium. At the region of intracranial artery, the degree of arteriosclerotic changes were classified into the four groups named O (without arteriosclerotic findings), I (with slight degree), II (with moderate degree), and III (with severe degree).
The findings of the extracranial portion of the internal carotid artery were classified into the four groups named N (normal), T (tortuosity), K (kinking) and C (coiling).
In the intra-cranial cerebral arteries, CBV was decreased; CVR, increased; CBF, decreased; MCCT, delayed, and MABP, higher, along with the progression (from Grades O to III) of the cerebral arteriosclerotic changes. In the extra-cranial cerebral arteries, the severer the morphological changes of the internal carotid artery, the less CBV and CBF, with increased CVR and delayed MCCT.
Furthermore, the respective groups with arteriosclerotic changes were divided into the two groups with normal blood pressure and hypertension. The presence of hypertension showed the tendency of increasing CBV and CBF in the group I and the decreasing tendency in the groups II and III. CVR was increased, and the MCCT was delayed in the groups II and III with hypertension.
In the extra-cranial arteries, the respective groups complicated with hypertension revealed the decrease of CBV and CBF and the increase of CVR compared to those with normal blood pressure.
In conclusion, the arteriosclerotic findings in the intracranial cerebral arteries revealed the cerebral hemodynamic changes better than the morphological changes of the internal carotid artery in the extra-cranium did.

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Virus of Hsw/N/type was isolated and identified in human beings in the United States in 1976 and in swine in Japan in 1977. It belonged to the same type as the etiological virus of“Spanish i nfluenza” prevalent previously. Attention has been paid to its rise and fall.
Then seroepidemiological studies were carried out on the rise and fall of hemagglutinationinhibiting (HI) antibody in the serum of swine to clarify the extent of invasion of virus of Hsw/N/type in Japan. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1. The virus strain recently isolated and identified in human beings in the United States and in swine in Japan were confirmed to belong to the Hsw/N/type, which was the same as the type of the etiological virus strain of “Spanish influenza” prevalent previously.
2. No antibody was demonstrated in the serum of human beings examined in the rural district, except those who were more than 46 years old and who seemed to have been involved in the epidemic of “Spanish influenza”. Since it was confirmed that the Hsw/N/type was present in Japan, no antibody has been demonstrated either in the serum of junior-high school students examined. Any epidemic of this type among human beings was negated.
3. No antibody was detected from swine produced in Japan prior to 1975.
4. When surveyed in and after July, 1977, swine were found to possess antibody in various districts. There were large differences in the rate of antibody possession among these districts. There was no definite tendency in this rate in any district.
5. An antibody survey was conducted in various districts in Nagano prefecture which was adjacent to prefectures where virus had been isolated. As a result, the rate of antibody possession was high among swine in such districts as adjacent to Niigata prefecture. It was possible to presume that the epizootic might have been transmitted to that prefecture by this route.
6. The results of an antibody survey on imported swine lent support to the assumption that the infection with the Hsw/N/type might have been prevalent severely among swine in the United States in 1975 and 1976.

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The present paper describes the purification and characterization of the soluble protein kinases from erythrocytes of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The results obtained are as follows:
1) Two cAMP-dependent protein kinases, F_I and F_II, were partially purified from the cytosol of the bullfrog erythrocytes by use of a DEAE-cellulose chromatography and an affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4 B coupled with histone-_II A. Based upon chromatographic behavior on DEAE-cellulose, F_I was referred to as type I and F_II as type II protein kinase, respectively.
2) Molecular weight was estimated to be 160, 000 for F_I and 125, 000 for F_II by gel filtration, respectively.
3) The two purified enzymes resembled each other in the following enzymatic properties, binding activity of the enzymes by cAMP, stimulation of enzymatic activity by cAMP which was most effective in the cyclic nucleotides examined, high substrate specificity for histone, requirement of Mg²⁺ for full enzyme activity, the apparent K_m (1 x 10^-5M) for ATP which was independent on cAMP, cAMP dependent increase in the maximum velocity, and the optimal pH of 7.5.8.0. These properties of the protein kinases from bullfrog erythrocytes also resemble those of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases found in various mammalian tissues.
4) The tadpole erythrocyte supernatant showed a cAMP-independent but not cAMPdependent protein kinase activity.

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An eighteen-year-old boy of Japanese clinically and roentgenographically examined, has striking abnormalities in hands and feet. There are no dorsal transverse wrinkles at the distal interphalangeal joint areas of 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers of both hands and at the proximal interphalangeal joint area of 5th finger of left hand. Volar creases are not found also at the distal interphalangeal joint areas of 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers of both hands. X-ray examination has revealed that the joint cavities of the affected joints are narrow (Synchondrosis) and the Range of Motion (ROM) are also limited. At the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint areas of all toes of both feet, there aren't transverse wrinkles. The proximal interphalangeal joints of 4th and 5th toes of left feet and the distal interphalangeal joints of 5th toes of both sides showed the Synchondrosis by X-ray examination.
Limitation of the RUM is observed at the distal interphalangeal joint flexion of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd toes of both sides and proximal interphalangeal joint flexion of the 4th toes of both feet. Analysis of chromosome of the leucocytes in peripheral blood shows normality.
Existence of the heredity in this family was not definite, but the patient told us that behavier of his father and cousins showed to be Symphalangism.

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