A total of 207 swine serum samples were collected in July and August, 1977, and examined for the presence of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody against for the human type A influenza virus. Studies were also made on the differences between the strain of the human type A influenza virus by using ferret, mouse, and chicken antisera. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1) The rate of swine serum samples positive for HI antibody titer exceeding 1: 32 was the highest, or 70.0%, for the swine type strain. It was 19.3% for the A/PR/8/34 strain, 7.7% for the Hongkong type strain, and 1.9% for the Russian type strain.
2) Forty serum samples, or 19.3% of the 207 samples, showed titers of HI antibody against the A/PR/8/34 strain exceeding 1: 32. They were also positive for HI antibody against the swine type strain, exhibiting titers exceeding 1: 32.
3) Antigen analysis with ferret infection antiserum revealed no production of cross HI antibody among the virus strain mentioned in paragraph 1.
4) Antigen analysis was corned out on mouse and chicken sera immunized four times to the representative strain of the human type A influenza virus. It revealed that cross HI antibody was produced to small extent among the A/NJ/8/76, the A/PR/8/34, and the A/USSR/92/77 strain.
The results mentioned above seem to suggest that there may be a problem which await further investigation, concerning the classification of the strains of the human type A influenza virus.

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A method to evaluate the clinical effect of antiarrhythmic agents by artificial induction of the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) has been developed. The present study was carried out in thirty-five patients with a history of documented PSVT, including 8 cases of WPW syndrome.
In all cases, PSVT was induced with complete reproducibility by a single or paired electrical stimulation (an interval of 250 to 300 msec), which was applied to the right atrium, and terminated by rapid right atrial pacing.
The procedures of the developed method were as follows : (a) PSVT was induced by the electrical stimulation of the right atrium during sinus rhythm. After confirming the persistence of PSVT, the induced tachycardia (PSVT) was converted to the original sinus rhythm by means of the rapid right atrial pacing. The reproducibility of PSVT induction was proved by repeated electrical stimulations. (a) Two or three minutes after the intravenous administration of one of the agents, the induction of PSVT was tried again.
The drugs were evaluated as having a preventive effect on PSVT, when either PSVT was not induced or only one to five echo beats occurred after its administration. By this method, PSVT was successfully prevented in 11 out of 16 patients (68.8%) with disopyramide, in 8 out of 14 (57.1%) with verapamil, and in 4 Out of 5 (80.0%) with ajmaline, indicating the effectiveness of these drugs. This test was completed within an hour, showing no serious adverse effects.
The electrophysiological studies revealed that disopyramide significantly prolonged the effective refractory period of the right atrium, but not the effective refractory period and functional refractory period of the AV node. Verapamil produced no significant changes in the refractory periods.
His bundle electrogram showed that AH and HV intervals increased significantly after either disopyramide or verapamil administration. After ajmaline, AH and HV intervals were prolonged in most patients, but it was not statistically significant.
The RR interval during PSVT was significantly longer when PSVT was induced despite the administration of the drugs because of their ineffectiveness than when it was induced prior to the administration of drugs. This lengthening may be ascribed to the increase in AH, HV and/or VA intervals.
In conclusion, the method proposed here is a very efficient and safe procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents.

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As the number of patients who are dying during the treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU) and coronary care unit (CCU) is increasing nowadays, definite criteria of the post-mortem examination should be established. This is particularly urgent for pulmonary changes. The patients who died in the ICU and CCU cannot be regarded as identical with those who succumbed to shock, since the main cause of death and clinical course are quite variable. Although uniformity of lung change cannot be expected in those who died in the ICU and CCU unlike in the case of shock, the author made critical evaluation of the histopathological features of the lung change in comparison with those in shock.
Careful investigation of the lung of those who died in the ICU and CCU, most of whom were suffering from myocardial infarction, various other heart diseases or cerebrovascular accidents, revealed hyperemia and luminal dilatation in the pulmonary arterial trees, which are morphological evidence of the angioparesis type in the lung circulation. The most striking or acute cases revealed diffuse stasis which involved the pulmonary arterial, venous and capillary trees in their entirety. In protracted cases, however, the change was mostly in the pulmonary arterial and venous trees. Another outstanding feature was hemolysis in the vascular lumen, which was found in most of the patients. Microthrombi and increased intra-vascular coagulation were also discernible. In those who died during early stages of treatment, no definite change was observed in the intra-alveolar space. In protracted cases, however, in addition to the intra-vascular alteration, intra-alveolar changes such as hemorrhage, perivascular edema and desquamation of alveolar cells were observable. The hyline membrane disease which is considered to be the most fatal complication of the lung was observed in 12% of the patients, indicating that this is also the most important complication in the ICU and CCU. Pulmonary edema and bronchopneumonia were frequently observed in the majority of the cases, but the changes appeared not to have been fatal. This suggests that medical care and monitoring in the ICU and CCU were quite appropreate. Pulmonary fibrosis which results from protracted shock lung was not frequently observed. Only three patients revealed this change in the present study. Edema in the peribronchial space and in the interstitial space of the lung also remained less important. Even in those who had such changes, no significant edematous involvement was observed in the alveolar wall. These findings also testify that appropreateness of medical care and monitoring in the ICU and CCU exerted favorable effects for the survival of the patients from the severe lung complication.

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It has been generally agreed that in Graves' disease the pathogenesis and contributing factors which have important effects on the clinical course and prognosis should await further investigation. Moreover, further detailed investigation is required to establish the definite criteria for judging the clinical course and prognosis from a histo-pathological point of view.
In this field, ultrastructural and cytochemical and immunopathological research which is correlated with clinical data has been carried out. Moreover, a quantitative study of the extent of the irnmunocytes in the stroma of the thyroid gland in Graves' disease has been made and was compared with the clinical data.
The results obtained were as follows:
(1) A transient hypothyroid state was observed in a period of approximately one year after the thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism which later returned to a normal state. It was concluded that to elevate the TSH may take the place of the thyroid function and which is eventually capable of maintaining the normal thyroid function. Based on this fact, a long term post-thyroidectomy observation period beyond one year is clinically recommended.
(2) There was no definite correlation between the remnant weight of the thyroid tissue and post-operative thyroid function, and other contributory factors should be clarified.
(3) A reserved correlation between the TSH value and quantitative determination of the thyroid hormone after thyroidectomy was observed. Based on this observation, the feed back mechanism involving the pituitary thyroid system is assumed to be functioning well one year after the operation.
(4) There was no definite correlation between the post-operative thyroid function and the extent of the lymphocytic infiltration in stroma. However, it is interesting to note that the cases of the hypothyroid state frequently revealed rather pronounced lymphocytic infiltration with occasional formation of lymphoid follicles. These findings await further clarification.
(5) The electron microscopic observation revealed the variable ultrastructural features of the follicular epithelium. The prominent lymphocytic or plasmacytic infiltration in the stroma was noted. Occasionally amorphous materials of a high density of electrons accumulated in the basement membranes proper.
(6) The above-mentioned deposits proved specifically positive for anti IgG by the fluorescein-labelling method, suggesting the possibility that the materials were closely related to the immune complexes. As a point of interest, the deposits were confirmed not only in the adjacent portion of immunocytic reaction, but also in the portion apart from such cellular reaction. These fiidings suggest that these deposits may be related to the enhancement of both cellular and humoral immunity.

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Thirty-eightp atients with Wolff-Parkinson-Whsityen drome (WPW; type A 24 and type B 14), three patients with Lown-Ganong-Levine-syndro (mLeG L) and thirty-nine patients showing normal P-R intervali n sinus rhythm with episodes of paroxysmatla chycardia (n ormalP -R group) were examined during the following study.
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) was induced in 37 cases by a single electricalr ight atrial stimulation or by extra-stimulusm ethod: 24 normal P-R, 11 WPW and 2 LGL cases. Among 12 cases, in which PSVT was not induced, paired atrial stimulation successfullyin ducedP SVT in 2 normal P-R and 2 WPW cases.
After intravenous atropine sulfate administration in the remaining 39 cases, PSVT was induced in 7 normal P-R and 3 WPW cases by a single atrial stimulation, and 1 normal P-R and 5 WPW cases by paired atrial stimulation. In total, PSVT was induced in 34 of the 39 normal P-R (87.2%), 16 of the 24 WPW-A (66.7%), 5 of the 14 WPW-B (35.7%) and 2 of the 3 LGL (66.7%) cases.
Of the 30 WPW and LGL cases where spontaneousP SVT was recorded, P SVT was induced in 22 (73.3%), whereas PSVT was induced in only one of the 11 cases (9.1%) without any recorded attack.
InducedP SVT terminateds pontaneouslyw ithin 3 minutes in 14 of 55 cases (25.5%) and was eliminated by a single or rapid atrial stimulation in all of the remaining 41 cases.
The His bundle electrographics tudies revealed that the A₂ -H₂ interval in induced PSVT was significantlyl onger than the A₁ -H₁ interval in the basic cycle in all cases, and longer than the A₂′-H₂′ interval when PSVT was not induced. In WPW-A, the heart rate during induced PSVT was significantlyh igher after administrationo f atropinet han before, probably due to the shorteningo f A-H interval. The A₂ -H₂ interval was significantlylo nger in normal P-R cases having more frequent episodes than it was in those having less frequent episodes.
The R-R interval during PSVT bad a significantc orrelationt o both effectivea nd functional refractory periods of A-V node in normal P-R cases and also to the effective refractory period of accessory pathway in WPW.
Easier ind-uctitionf PSVT by paired stimulationc an be explained by the findingst-h at the atrial refractotry periodw as shortened by the first atrial stimulus, making penetration of the second atrial slunulus into A-V nodal pathway easier and that the A₂ -H₂ interval was longer in comparisonw ith cases of a single, atrial stimulus.
These results, indicate the usefulness of the artificial PSVT induction in clinical practice of diagnosis and treatment.

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Although a roentgenologic barium enema examination is a useful method in the diagnosis of large bowel disease, barium enema is liable to be accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal pain, perspiration, pallor, weakness of pulsation, etc. which are often experienced during the examination. From these symptoms, it was assumed that the existence of autonomic reflex to the circulatory system was caused by colon distension and evacuation of contrast media. Studies were made on the changes in the circulatory system which took place during barium enema examination.
The method used was as follows : Blood pressure was measured as frequently as possible during the examination, the electrocardiogram was continuously recorded for I and II, and the finger plethysmograph was continuously recorded by the index finger.
A remarkable increase in blood pressure and diminution of wave height of pulse wave was observed when the colon was distended with baritim contrast media, and a remarkable decrease in blood pressure and augmentation of the wave height was observed by evacuation. When figures of double contrast were formed by a further infusion of air, the change observed in blood pressure and pulse wave was the same. With regard to the electrocardiogram, nothing in particular was noted.
These results revealed the existence of tne autonomic reflex leading to the peripheral circulatory system from large bowel during the barium enema examination. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the changes in the circulatory system of the patient during a barium enema examination to prevent further complications.

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Polygraphic recordings of the electro-oculogram and the electro-encephalogram (EEG) were carried out in 18 chronic alcoholic patients, of whom 10 suffered from delirium tremens. The results were as follows. In general, eye movements were classified into two main types, that is, rapid and slow eye movements. It was found that slow eye movements with superposed rapid eye movements were associated with the delirious state of chronic alcoholism. After 3 to 4 days following the withdrawal from alcohol, rapid eye movements and slow eye movements with superposed rapid eye movements significantly increased especially in the case of patients with delirium tremens, and then significantly decreased astime further elapsed. Whereas eye movements underwent conspicuous alterations following the withdrawal, the EEG exhibited much less changes.

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It is said that the peptic ulcer is of a high incidence among smokers, is protracted in patients who fail to quit smoking, and often recurs in those who continue to smoke when the ulcer has been cured.
This study was made to determine the effect of smoking on the human stomach in terms of both motor and secretory functions, and also on the lower esophageal sphincter functionally related to the esophagogastric junction.
Smoking produced a 20-80 per cent reduction in the contraction pressure of the antral portion, and a marked delay in gastric emptying in almost all cases. Gastric secretion was inhibited in about half the cases. while there was a 15-60 per cent reduction in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure in almost all cases. No correlation was established, however, between smoking and regurgitation of bile into the stomach which may be involved in the pathogenesis of the peptic ulcer.
This study suggests that smoking inhibits the gastric function in man, although no conclusion can be drawn as to the adverse effect of smoking in promoting the pathogenesis, aggravation and recurrence of the peptic ulcer.

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Two kinds of experiments on a change of evoked responses under dual task conditions were carried out to assess the effect of one's mental workload.
In experiment 1, a two-dimensional tracking task (main-task) which was composed of loading stresses, and a subsidiary auditory-detection task (sub-task) were established. The performance of the sub-task and auditory evoked potentials elicited by auditory detection stimuli were measured while the main-task was being carried out. As for the results, the correct responses of the sub-task and evoked potentials, N₁-P₁ (90---. 180 ms) decreased in accordance with the increase of the loading stresses of the main-task.
In experiment 2, visual and auditory counting tasks were applied to the dual task situation to measure the interactive effects of evoked potentials elicited by bimodal stimuli. As for the results, it was observed that auditory evoked potentials, N₁-P₂ (115.220ms) were inhibited while the subjects responded selectively to visual stimuli. Visual evoked potentials, N₂-P₂ (140.250 ms) were also inhibited while the subjects responded selectively to auditory stimuli. In addition, these evoked potentials were equally inhibited while the subjects responded simultaneously to the bimodal stimuli.
It was assumed that the interactive effects provoked the reciprocal interference (inhibition) between visual and auditory channels in dual task conditions.
On the basis of these findings, the degrees of the reciprocal inhibition could be considered as an indication of mental workload in dual task situations.

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Few reports have been made about the pelves and calyces which have various shapes and sizes. In this paper, the calyces minores of the 70 kidneys of the Japanese adult are studied. These calyces were filled up with yellow latex rubber from the ureters, and were taken out from the kidneys. In these specimens, the calyces minores were identified by the hollows which corresponded to the renal papilla, irrespective of the presence of a neck part. Six hundred and two calyces minores in 70 kidneys were observed with regard to the following items;
(1) The number of the calyces minores : The mean of the number of the calyces minores was 8.6 (4-16) in one kidney. These numbers of calyces minores did not correlate to the length, width, thickness and weight of the kidneys. (2) The presence of necks of the calyces minores: The presence of necks were classified into the following 3 types : 0 Neck type ; 398/602 (66.1%).
(2) Half-neck type; 148/602 (24.6%). (3) Non-neck type; 56/602 (9.3%).
(3) The shapes of the calyces minores surfaces: The surface shapes were classified into the following 6 groups: (1) Quadrilateral shape; 19/602 (3.2%). (2) Gourd shape; 43/602 (7.1%). Triangular shape; 35/602 (5.8%). (4) Circular shape; 91/602 (15.1%). (5) Elliptical shape; (3) 163/602 (27.1%). (6) Irregular shape; 251/602 (41.7%).
(4) Directions of the calyces minores : The calyces minores were divided into the following 3 directions: (1) Ventral direction: 220/602 (36.5%). (2) Lateral direction; 178/602 (29.6%). (3) Dorsal direction ; 204/602 (33.9%).
(5) Areas of the calyces minores surfaces : These surface areas were analysed using the following 3 categories: (1) Mean area of all calyces minores: The mean area of 602 calyces minores surfaces was 41.5 mm² (0.8.163.5 mm²) in 70 kidneys. (2) Total area It was a sum of all calyces minores areas in one kidney. The mean of them was 356.8 mm² (193.6.703. 9mm²) in 70 kidneys. (3) Mean area of one kidney : It was a mean of one calyx minor surface in one kidney. The mean of them was 43.0 mm² (14.3-100.6 mm²) in 70 kidneys.
(6) Coefficiency of the correlation between areas of calyces minores surfaces and the kidney: The total area was correlated with the length and weight of the kidney (P<0.01). (2) (1) The mean area was also correlated with the length and weight of kidney (P < 0.01). (3) However, the mean area was negatively correlated with the number of calyces minores (P < 0.01).
(7) Position of the calyces minores : They were nominated as upper or lower calyces minores, according to their location to the ureters. (1) The number of the upper calyces minores; 285/602 (47.3%). (2) The number of the lower calyces minores; 317/602 (52.7%). (3) The mean of the total area of the upper calyces minores of the 70 kidneys ; 181.3 mm². (4) The mean of the total area of the lower calyces minores of the 70 kidneys; 178.0 mm²
(8) The difference between right and left calyces minores in the same body: (1) The number of the left calyces minores was greater than the right. (2) The number of the dorsal directions of the right calyces minores was greater than the left. (3) In general, the total area of the left calyces minores was larger than the right. (4) On the contrary, the mean area of the right calyces minores was larger than the left.

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