Analytical studies on cholesterol monohydrate and non-cholesterol sterols in 70 specimens of "so-called pure cholesterol stones" were performed by means of infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and mass spectrometry. These 70 specimens contained more than 95% cholesterol as the main component and were selected from 380 pieces of biliary calculi which had been removed from 346 cases with cholelithiasis in the First Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School, over a 10 year period, using infrared spectroscopy. The results were as follows:
1) The specimens of pure cholesterol gallstones analysed immediately after operative removal by X-ray diffraction showed a monohydrate pattern (Type I ). Almost all these specimens exhibited a transformation in X-ray diffraction pattern from Type I to an anhydrous pattern (Type III) via an intermediate pattern of a mixture of monohydrate and anhydrous patterns (Type II) while they were kept at room temperature, although some specimens remained unchanged even 5 years later. Similar transformation from Type III to Type I via Type II and the reverse from Type I to Type III were observed experimentally under high humidity atmospheric conditions and in a desiccator respectively. The contents of H₂O in the specimens with Type I were evaluated to be 6% to 8% from changes in weight, and to be 4% to 6% in mass spectrometry respectively. On the other hand thermal analysis revealed only a small amount of H₂O even in the specimens with Type III of X-ray diffraction pattern.
2) Mass peaks at M/Z 400, 412 and 414 were found on the gas chromatograph double-focusing mass spectra (using GC/MS, IB & DI) from the specimens which were sampled from several different portions of ten pure cholesterol stones. On the other hand in trimethylsilyl ether of the same samples the mass peaks were observed at M/Z 472, 484 and 486. Accurate mass measurement of these peaks gave rise to a rational formula of C₂₈H₄₈O, C₂₉H₄₈O and C₂₉H₅₀O respectively. Together with reference to Ilias's report and the results of the analysis of commercial chemicals, the non-cholesterol sterols were identified to be campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol respectively. Relative contents of these non-cholesterol sterols determined in comparison with peak area calculation in ion mass chromatogram revealed the values of 1.22±0.07(SE)% in the components with M.W. 400, and 0.2±0.02(SE)% in the components with M.W. 414. From the results obtained it is concluded that these non-cholesterol sterols are present homogeneously in all portions of cholesterol gallstones as trace components.

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In order to induce suppressor cells antigen pulsed J774 or P388D₁ cells were intravenously injected to BALB/c mice. J774 and P388D₁ cells are macrophage like cell lines originated from BALB/c and DBA/2 mice, respectively. However, it is considered that neither cell has Ia antigen on its cell surface.
In preparing antigen pulsed cells they were incubated with antigen and Mitomycin C for a short period prior to the administration to BALB/c mice (first recipient mice). Various days after the injection of antigen pulsed cells spleen cells of the first recipient mice were transferred to the other BALB/c mice (second recipient mice) and they were immunized with the same antigen as pulsed on the cells, simultaneously. To test the suppressor cell function, IgE antibody levels of the second recipients were measured with PCA titers.
Antigen specific suppressor cells were induced by antigen pulsed J774 cells, but not by antigen pulsed P388D₁ cells. The activity of these suppressor cells depended on the number of injected antigen pulsed J774 cells. However, the suppressor cells were also induced in spleen cells of the first recipient mice immunized with the same antigen as pulsed on P388D₁ cells 10 days after the injection of these cells.
J774 cells irradiated with UV light before pulsing of antigen lost the activity inducing suppressor cells. Factors released from J774 cells had higher potential to induce cytotoxic T cell (CTL) than those released from P388D₁ cells. Considering these results in my experiment and data of these papers two signals are necessary to induce suppressor cells. The first signal may be the stimulation of lymphocytes by the antigen itself pulsed to la^- macrophages and the second may be the factors released from these macrophages.

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A study was carried out in 16 adult cadavers to present the definite features of the lumbar azygos vein, i.e. the lumbar prevertebral longitudinal vein which anastomoses cranially with the azygos system of veins and caudally with the inferior caval system, and has been designated as the left or right lumbar azygos vein, the intermediate root of origin of the azygos (or hemiazygos) vein, and so on.
By the manners of anastomosis with the azygos system, lumbar azygos veins were classified into the following 3 types:
(1) Type I anastomoses with the azygos vein.
(2) Type II anastomoses with the hemiazygos vein.
(3) Type III is slightly Y-shaped and anastomoses with the azygos and hemiazygos veins.
10 specimens had the single lumbar azygos vein. Five of them were of type III, four type I, and one type II. The other 6 specimens had double lumbar azygos veins. Four of them were of type I and II, and two type I and III.
Caudal terminations of all the 22 examples of the lumbar azygos vein were as follows regarding the cranial type:
There were 10 examples of type I, 7 of which anastomosed with the lumbar vein, 2 with the inferior caval vein, and 1 terminated attaching to the lumbar trunk. In 5 examples of type II, 3 anastomosed with the left renal vein, and 2 with the lumbar vein. Then, in 7 examples of type III, 3 anastomosed with the lumbar vein, 2 with the inferior caval vein, and the remaining 2 with the left renal vein and the reno-caval arch, respectively.
The mean diameter of the lumbar azygos veins was 1.7mm.
14 examples out of 22 received the branches of the anterior external plexus.
In their courses, type I passed through the right crus of the diaphragm or the aortic opening, type II and type III passed through the left crus or the aortic opening.
All of the lumbar azygos veins lay dorsomedially to the splanchnic nerve, but their positions relative to the segmental arteries were irregular and sometimes indeterminable.
The present observations and the studies carried out by previous authors, especially by Abe, suggest that the "lumbar azygos vein" is the homologue of the azygos vein system.

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Recently, asbestos fiber has been used in various ways in our industrialized society, and much attention has been paid to the various lung disease conditions which are induced by the inhalation of asbestos fibers.
The author has been made an investigation on the fibrosis which is induced by asbestos fiber inhalation. In this experiment, 10mg of chrysotile was suspended in normal saline at the concentration of 0.1mg/ml.
It was then injected to the rats by intubation. In a chronological study of the fibrosis, the patho-logical process was studied by the conventional light and electron microscopes, as well as by histoche-mical methodology involving the PAM stain and enzyme histochemical techniques.
As the results, several interesting findings were noted. Firstly, in the early stages, 1 week after inoculation of the chrysotile fibers, an acute foreign body granuloma with inflammatory response, marked interstitial edema, hemorrhage and destruction of the lung structure were noted.
In due time, the proliferation of the reticulin and collagen fibers were noted. More than 6 months after the inoculation of the chrysotile, the pathological changes tended to be rather localized, and aggregate of the fibrotic foci were observed in the peripheral region of the airways. However, the interaction among the chrysotile fibers, fibroblasts, type I epithelial cells and mast cells were prominent.
This suggests the presence of the chrysotile may play a very important role in causing this fibrotic process.
In this formative process of pulmonary fibrosis, the disintegration and death of the macrophages which took part in phagocytosis of the chrysotile and the leakage of their hydrolytic enzymes into the tissues and alteration of the physiochemical properties of the chrysotile may be closely related.

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Bradykinin was added to lymphocyte suspension separated from lymphnodes of the normal and immunized guinea pig. This was incubated at 37°C for 24 h in 5% CO₂. Supernatant solution obtained by centrifugation was dialyzed and further filtrated with millipore filter. The supernatant showed a suppressive effect on various immune response and was designated as bradykinininduced suppressor factor (BSF). The effect of BSF on various reactions was studied and the following results were obtained:
1) BSF prepared from the lymphocytes of the immune guinea pig suppressed MIF production using peritoneal exudate cells of the normal guinea pig, lymphocytes of the immune guinea pig and antigen. The suppressive effect of BSF on MIF production was dose dependent.
2) Antigenic lymphocyte proliferation isolated from the lymphnodes of the immune guinea pig was measured with ³H-TdR incorporation and the suppressive effect of BSF was clearly demonstrated.
3) BSF was prepared from all lymphocytes separated from the lymphnodes, spleen and thymus of the immune guinea pig. Of the highest activity was the BSF prepared from the guinea pig 2 weeks after immunization.
4) BSF could be prepared from the lymphocytes of both normal and immunized guinea pigs. However, BSF activity prepared from the immune lymphocytes was more remarkable.
5) BSF production was blocked by the addition of H₂-antagonist (burimamide).

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The treadmill test developed in the USA has been widely used to diagnose angina pectoris related to exertion. But there are some problems, such as overload, when this test is applied to Japanese, since it has been designed for Occidentals. Therefore, in this study the treadmill test was modified for Japanese, and its validity was compared with Master's two step test. Furthermore, the optimum maximum heart rate of healthy Japanese, as one of the most important criteria for treadmill test, was evaluated, and the influence of age on this criterion was investigated. The relationship between the end point heart rate of the patients with angina pectoris and age was also studied.
For the results, (1) The positive rate of the treadmill test on angina pectoris was significantly higher than Master's test (84.6% vs 50%, p<0.005). It was clear that the difference was determined by the degree of the increase of heart rate immediately after the test. (2) The maximum heart rate of the healthy Japanese was definitely lower than that of the Occidentals, but it decreased according to age, as with the Occidentals. (3) The end point heart rate in angina pectoris also decreased according to age and became parallel at the level of 76% of the maximum heart rate of the healthy persons.
From the above-mentioned results, the criteria of the treadmill test for Japanese were clarified.

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In the past, pregnant women faced with the possibility of spontaneous abortion or premature delivery reduced the amount they exercised. However, when women such as pearl divers and professional athletes become pregnant, they often continue to exercise strenuously ; and it is recognized that such women have absolutely normal pregnancies and deliveries with few spontaneous abortions and premature deliveries.
At this time, since swimming by pregnant women is becoming popular, I have investigated how much exercise is allowable for pregnant women. I have examined 700 pregnant women who swam, looking for spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, clinically abnormal findings before and after the period spent swimming, uterine contraction, labor duration, and the respiratory function associated with pregnancy.
The results of this study are as follows :
1) Incidence of spontaneous abortion and premature delivery
Among the 700 examples of pregnant women who swam, there were no cases of spontaneous abortion and only two cases of premature delivery. This was much fewer than in the control group (P<0.01).
2) Clinically abnormal findings before and after the period spent in swimming
Among the 700 examples of pregnant women who swam, there were no cases of genital bleeding but three cases of pemature rupture of the membrane. Again, the incidence was less than the control group (p<0.05). There was one case of intrauterine death in the group of swimming women. In this there was no difference between the two groups.
3) Uterine contraction before and after swimming
After swimming the a wave of the pregnant women reduced slightly from 49.1% to 37.3%. The A wave, which is slightly stronger in uterine contractions went from 17.0% to 27.1% and the B wave increased from 6.8% to 11.9%. Regardless of this, uterine contractions verging on premature delivery did not occur.
4) The duration of labor
The duration of labor in the group of pregnant women who swam was 8.49 hours (nullipara) and 5.66 hours (multipara). In the control group, it was 13.15 hours (nullipara) and 7.97 hours (mul-tipara). Thus, the duration in women who swam was shorter than that of the control group (p< 0.005).
5) Respiratory function
Among the pregnant women who swam, there were no cases of reduced respiratory function. Judging from the observations noted above, it appears that there is no pattern of uterine contrac-tions leading to spontaneous abortion or premature delivery, and the actual clinically observed incidence of spontaneous abortion and premature delivery was very low when pregnant women swam under specific conditions. In addition, the duration of labor in pregnant women who swam was reduced. Moreover, swimming while pregnant did not exert a negative influence on respiratory function. The-refore if adequately supervised, swimming can be considered a recommended exercise for women with normal pregnancies.

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The frequency and characteristics of headaches in acute stage of cerebral infarction were studied prospectively among 127 consecutive patients (male : 104, female : 23, mean age : 64.5± 9.8). Patients with coma, aphasia and disordered mental state were excluded from the study.
Headache was experienced in 36 out of 127 patients. In most patients, it was experienced at the onset of cerebral infarction, and it was mild, continuous and non-throbbing in nature. The duration of moderate to severe headaches lasted for less than 24 hours and subsided gradually within 7 days in most patients. The complaint tended to be less in patients whose age was over 60 years or when the level of disordered consciousness exceeded grade II. A significantly larger number of patients complained of headaches when they had any of followings : (1) systolic blood pressure exceeding 160 mmHg, (2) CSF pressure exceeding 200 mmH₂O, (3) the infarction of vertebrobasilar artery system. In addition, it was inferred that the size of infarction and regional cerebral blood flow contributed to the occurrence of the headaches. There existed no correlation between the site of infarction and the location of headache.

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