Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with or without cirrhosis in autopsy cases were compared clinically and pathologically. Seventy-five patients with HCC were autopsy cases: 51 had cirrhosis and 24 did not. The patients had been admitted between 1976 and 1986 and were studied in regard to age, sex, clinical onset, past history of hepatic disease, concomitant illness, etiologic factors (HB virus, blood transfusion and alcoholic history), cause of death, extrahepatic metastasis, time span between onset and death, size of the liver and spleen, mode of metastasis, tumor size, degree of anaplasia and also cancer cell histology, metastasis in patients who had received a transhepatic arterial embolization (TAE).
Differences were found between the cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic groups with respect to past history of hepatic disease, history of alcoholic abuse and cause of death. Notably in non-cirrhotic HCC, death was due to infection in many cases.
Additionally extrahepatic metastasis was compared with respect to tumor type and degree of anaplasia. The incidence of metastasis was over 5 cm in solitary nodule cases.
Patients with hematogenous metastasis alone were found in many cases to have multiple nodule type tumors in both the cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic groups. The rate of extrahepatic metastasis was high in patients with anaplasia III and IV in both groups, but the incidence of hematogenous metastasis was particularly high in anaplasia I and II in HCC with cirrhosis. Cancer cell histology was not correlated with extrahepatic metastasis. All the patients treated with TAE were shown to have metastasis in the autopsy. However, the patterns of metastasis in these patients were similar to those in patients who did not receive TAE.

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Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (sSEP) were recorded in 47 patients with cervical myelopathy, and the results obtained were compared with clinical symptoms and changes in the waveform of evoked spinal cord action potentials.
sSEPs were classified into three types according to the changes in the waveform: type 1; normal waveform (18 cases), type 2; longer latency or reduced amplitude of sSEP (20 cases), type 3; no observable sSEP (9 cases).
Decompression surgery on the spine was performed in 29 cases (including 9 type 1 cases, 13 type 2 cases and 7 type 3 cases). Changes in sSEP waveform was correlated to clinical symptoms (JOA score) and disability periods. In some cases, type 2 sSEP approached normal waveform after the operation, and there was an improvement in clinical symptoms.
Evoked spinal cord action potentials were recorded during the operation in 15 cases (4 type 1 cases, 6type 2 cases and 5 type 3 cases), and the location of the disc lesioned was inferred in all cases except inone case of type 1. In 3 type 1 cases, only one disc was lesioned. In all type 2 and type 3 cases, more than two discs were lesioned. It was therefore considered that when only one disc was lesioned, sSEP did not necessarily exhibit abnormalities.

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Both in vitro and in vivo effects of lithium on mouse hematopoiesis were investigated. The addition of 1 mmol lithium carbonate to the culture enhanced in vitro colony formation of the granulocyte macrophage precursor (CFU-GM) by 26%, the megakaryocyte precursor (CFU-Meg) by 29%, and the erythrocyte precursor (CFU-E) by 46% as compared to the control culture without lithium carbonate. Lithium resulted in an increase of colony size for both the CFU-Meg and the CFU-E.
Oral administration of lithium chloride at daily doses of 0.3 mg caused a significant increase in granulocytes 3 to 12 days after the start of administration. It also resulted in a mild elevation of the platelet count, but it had no influence on hematocrit. The number of the CFU-GM increased transiently on day 3 of the lithium administration and subsequently returned to the pretreatment level. Furthermore lithium accelerated the recovery of the granulocyte count and bone marrow CFU-GM content after 300 rad total body X ray irradiation.

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1) Back muscles on the right side of the rat were daily stimulated with electrical pulses through implanted electrodes. As a result, a scoliosis with convexity toward the non-stimulated side wasproduced. The cobb angle increased with time and became 18.6 9.9 on average after 3 weeks.
2) On the stimulated side, type I fibers showed a significant increase in diameter. The area they occupied in the cross section, as well as the ratio of the area against that of type II fibers, were increased. These increases disappered 3 weeks after the termination of the stimulation, whereas the scoliosis remained almost the same, maintaining an average angle of 17.2 7.4 after 3 weeks.
3) From these results, the possibility was suggested that electrical stimulation is of use in treating idiopathic scoliosis.

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The epidemiology of rubella in Thailand was studied by measuring the -HI antibodies in 2, 798 human serum samples collected in 1977 and from 1982 through 1986.
In the study of the Meo and Karen hill tribes and employees of the Raming Tea Plantation living in high land in 1977, high antibody-negative rates against rubella were observed among young children aged 14 or less, so that the antibody was assumed to have been acquired by most of the people aged 15 or over. However, the antibody level in those aged 15 or older differed from group to group.
Employees of a tobacco factory and students at a high school in Sarapij were studied. Only two of the 54 employees had the negative antibody. The geometric mean antibody titers were as high as log₂ 7.081 and 7.058, respectively, which suggested an epidemic of rubella close to the time the specimens were collected.
The antibody levels of patients with complaints other than rubella were compared between Chiang Mai and Bangkok in 1977. No significant difference was observed between the two cities in the 20 to 24 years age group but the antibody-negative rate was higher in Bangkok than in Chiang Mai.
Serum samples collected from children in the Comprehensive Child Care Clinic, Chiang Mai University, in 1982, 1984 and 1985 were tested for their antibody levels to rubella. The age by which the subject children had naturally acquired the antibody was lower in 1982 than in 1985.
The antibody-negative rate of outpatients in Chiang Mai University Hospital in 1985 was definitely higher than that in 1977, and that in 1977 was lower than that of adults in Chiang Mai in 1983 to 1986. These data would suggest that a severe epidemic of rubella prevailed in the Chiang Mai district before 1977, but the disease was not common during the eight subsequent years.
Our data in Thailand were compared with records in Japan in 1976. In Japan the antibody-negative rate decreased with age and it was lower than 5% in adults aged 30 years or more. Conversely, in Thailand the antibody-negative rate decreased by 20 to 24 years of age but it was still more than 25% after 25 years of age. The geometric mean antibody titre of the antibody-positive people decreased with age in Japan, but in Thailand it was as high as log₂ 6.33, even in adults of 30 or more years of age.

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The arterial supply of the abdominal digestive organs and the developmental process were studied in 25 Japanese fetuses from 3 months to 9 months old into whose arteries latex rubber was injected.
The results were as follows:
1) The branching patterns of the celiac trunk were classified into 5 types. The most common type or the complete celiac trunk was found in 18 cases (72%) F. our variation types or incomplete celiac trunks were found in 7 cases (28%).
2) The rates at which the following arteries were observed in the stomach were as follows: 100% for the left gastric artery, 100% for the left and right gastroepiploic artery, 100% for the short gastric artery, 100% for the gastroduodenal artery, 92% for the right gastric artery, 24% for the branch of the left inferior phrenic artery, and 16% for the posterior gastric artery arising from the splenic artery.
The left gastric artery was better developed than the other arteries in 3-month-old fetuses.
3) The rates at which the following arteries were observed in the liver were as follows: 100% for the proper hepatic artery, 28% for the accessory left hepatic artery and 8% for the accessory right hepatic arteries.
The accessory left hepatic artery in 3-month-old fetuses was better developed than in older fetuses.
4) The rates at which the following arteries were observed in the pancreas were follows: 100% for the branches of the splenic artery, 100% for the branches of the gastroduodenal artery and 100% for the branches of the superior mesenteric artery. Further, dorsal pancreatic arteries not arising from the splenic artery were found in 20% of cases. The dorsal and great pancreatic arteries branching from the splenic artery could not be distinguished from one another in younger fetuses.
5) The rates at which the following arteries were observed in the duodenum were as follows: 100% for the branches of the superior and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries. This arterial supply was the same in all the fetuses.
6) The arterial supply of the jejunum and the ileum were as follows: the jejunum and the ileum were supplied only by the branches of the superior mesenteric artery. The minimum number of the branches was 7 and the maximum 12.
7) The arterial supply of the large intestine was as follows: the caecum was supplied only by the ileocolic artery. The ascending colon supplied by the ileocolic and the right colic arteries was observed in 75% of cases and the ascending colon supplied by the ileocolic, the right colic and the middle colic was observed in 25% of cases. The transverse colon supplied only by the middle colic artery was observed in 63% of cases and the trasverse colon supplied by the middle colic and the left colic arteries was observed in 37% of cases. The descending colon supplied only by the left colic artery was found in 82% and the descending colon supplied by the left and the middle colic arteries in 18% of cases. The sigmoid colon was supplied by the sigmoid artery and the rectum by the superior rectal artery. In the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery the superior rectal artery were better developed in the younger fetuses.

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The anterior ethmodial nerve (a.e.n.) was examined in 10 human adults (40-89 years old) and 5 fetuses (7 months). a.e.n. arises from the nasociliar nerve, which is the first division of the trigeminal nerve. From this point to the crista galli, a.e.ns. were observed under a dissection microscope in relation to their direction and distribution.
The following results were obtained:
1) The number of a.e.n.
i. The number of a.e.n. was 1 to 3 (1.45 on average) when they arose from the nasociliary nerve in the adults.
ii. In the fetuses, the number of a.e.n. was 1 to 2 (1.1 on average).
2) The length of a.e.n.
i. The length was 12.0mm to 24.0mm (17.3mm on average) in the adults.
ii. In the fetuses, the length was 2.0mm to 7.0mm (5.0mm on average).
3) The anterior ethmoidal branch (e.b.).
The anterior ethmoidal branch (e.b.) supplies the mucous membrane of the ethmoidal sinus.
i. The number of e. bs. was 20 on the right side and 22 on the left in 8 adult cases. In the upper wall of the ethmoidal sinus, the number of e. bs. was 1.0 on average. In the medial wall of theethmoidal sinus, the number of e. bs. was also 1.0 on average. In the lateral wall of the ethmoidal sinus, the number of e. bs. was 0.2 on average.
ii. The number of e. bs. was 3 on the right side and 2 on the left in 3 fetus cases. In the upper wall of the ethmoidal sinus, the number of e. bs. was 0.2 on average. In the medial wall of the ethmoidal sinus, the number of e. bs. was 0.3 on average. No e. bs. were found in the lateral wall.
4) The anterior ethmoidal foramen.
The anterior ethmoidal foramen was examined to determine its positional relation to the angle of the crista galli.
i. The angle was 40.0° to 10.0° and 30.0.. on average in the adults.
ii. In the fetuses, the angle was 50.0° to 20.0° and 43.2° on average.

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Biomechanical experiments were performed on sacroiliac joints of the cadaver pelvis in three different positions to determine changes in stress pattern. The infrared stress analyzing method was used. In the neutral position, principal stress was observed in the middle to upper part of the sacrum, adjacent to the sacroiliac joints, in the central area of the ilium, and in the acetabular region. In the anterior tilting position, the stress on the sacroiliac joints was smaller than in the posterior tilting position, while it was greater in the symphysis pubis area.
Further experiments with dial gauges were performed to measure load-displacement value in four cadaver pelves. Vertical loads of up to 100 kg were applied to the fourth lumbar vertebra. At the maximum test loads, displacement of the anterior surface of the first sacral vertebra ranged from 0.18 mm to 0.73 mm in the anterior direction.
In conclusion, it is clear that the range of movement in the sacroiliac joints is very small and that this joint plays a significant role in the maintenance of stability in the pelvic girdle.

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[in Japanese]

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