Artists such as Hiroshige and Hokusai created many wonderful city scenes by skillfully incorporating topography such as Mt. Fuji and Edo Bay and view of Edo Castle into landscape pictures. The landscape paintings were however just illustrated ones of famous places; the actual states of landscape of Edo City are still not clear. We visualized landscape of Edo by considering an old map of Edo, the topographic data, and information concerning building structures. We also attempted to explore the original landscape of Tokyo with interpretation of the landscape paintings and the results of visualization.

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 In this paper, I considered the approach of accessible environments for people with visual impairments by reviewing previous research. First, I summarized previous research on visual factor and mobility in people with low vision, and it was indicated that it was important to cooperate with the medical field. Furthermore, I summarized previous research on between spatial cognition and mobility of blind people, and cleared the relationship between spatial cognition ability and mobility performance. Based on these discussions, it was indicated that evidence based development and improvement of pedestrian environments for people with visual impairment were important.

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 Investment to infrastructure increases the needs of maintenance as well as accumulating the stock. Therefore the planning of Infrastructure maintenance policy will be an important issue. This paper develops an economic growth model where infrastructure maintenance technology explicitly influences to deterioration of infrastructure stock. This paper furthuremore implements some sensitive analyses assuming a virtual economy and derives some implications about the relationship between the technological improvement of infrastructure maintenance and growth rate of the economy.

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 In this paper, we propose a model that can specify causal structure between public capital and economic growth in order to analyze the impact of public capital on economic growth. We introduce Real Business Cycle (RBC) as the basis of the model and we deal with human capital and “indivisible labor” to estimate the structural parameters of the model by using time series data. Then, we use state-space representation of the model with VAR to measures the output elasticity of public capital. We analyze the impulse response and the sensitivity for the fluctuation of the data.

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 This Paper focuses depopulation areas which are increasing recently in Japan, proposes evaluation method of validity of maintenance and renewal for infrastructures related to these areas and migration of all residents from the areas, and conducts empirical analyses for actual depopulation areas in southern Chiba prefecture using the method. Through the analyses, calculation methods of migration costs and maintenance and renewal costs of infrastructures are shown and it is indicated that initial costs for migration and non-monetary costs after migration are much smaller than monetary costs after migration.

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 In this paper, it is tested whether it is effective in improvement of civic assessment for tap water to give the information by using a framework of Mobility Management. First, a prior questionnaire was executed and the assessment for the water was grasped. Second, learning about the water was promoted through giving the information. Third, a post and a long-post questionnaire were executed. Consequently, it was made clear that the extent of learning was related to improvement of the assessment. It was also become clear that a group with the communication kept an effect of learning in the long-term.

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 In order to verify the hypothesis that flood risk structure is changing from high frequency, low damage type to low frequency, high damage type, we plot flood risk curves in 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005, respectively in Kosen town in Kumamoto city. These results show that the flood risk basin triggered to change risk structure from high frequency, low damage type to low frequency, high damage type

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 In this Paper, we forcused on distributive justice in social psychology, and analyzed the factors to affect attitude to public investments in rural areas by the questionnaire survey. As the result of the survey, we presumed, it was confirmed that distributive justice in terms of “need” has the biggest effect on degree of acceptance in rural infrastructure in three types of distributive justice, i.e. “equity”, “equality” and “need”. And it is implied that in the discussion of the regional disparities of infrastructure investment, it is important to discuss from the view point of not only “individuals” but also “region”.

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 Custom-made supporting information systems for community-based flood risk management were developed. These systems were designed to satisfy the residents' demands through the implementation of risk communication. To extend this supporting system into integrated supporting system for community-based flood risk management, the systems were combined with an evacuation support plan for individual people requiring assistance. Fundamental evacuation data of people requiring assistance for episodic disasters were obtained and analyzed by conducting the evacuation drill for virtual disaster scenario. The supporting systems were found to be effective for enhancement of residuals' consciousness for both self-reliance and mutual aid.

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 In case of disaster, an inappropriate designed sign for evacuation guidance can lead to make human damage greater. So, an evacuation guidance sign should be designed so that it can inform everybody about its meaning. However, in this paper, it is considered that the evacuation guidance sign now in use is not only hard to be understood exactly, also it is apt to be understood quite the opposite. So we verify the importance of some strategic point as a design policy for effective evacuation guidance sign.

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 In this paper, the structural relationships among pedestrian perceptions, behavior, traffic, and level of service are investigated using a structural equation model. Observation was conducted at the sidewalk with vendors activities. The main research results are as follows: pedestrian behavior/attitude has a positive direct effect on perception and traffic, and a negative direct effect on level of service. Pedestrian traffic has a positive direct effect on perception and level of service. Pedestrian perception has a positive direct effect on level of service. Finally, this research indicates that pedestrian traffic is the most important factor for pedestrian level of service.

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 This paper shows spatial agglomeration patterns of a two-dimensional core-periphery (CP) model. In order to analyze bifurcation patterns of this model, we extend an analytical approach for a one-dimensional CP model proposed by Akamatsu et al. (2009). Applying the proposed method, we prove that a system of Loösch’s hexagonal market areas emerge in the two-dimensional CP model.

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 In this paper, we study a perfect foresight dynamics in the Core-Periphery(CP) model with taste heterogeneity of agents, that has multiple equilibria. We introduce stochastic fluctuations into the model and describe the state of the model by a Markov process. By solving the master equation and the value function, we show that equilibrium agglomeration patterns can be obtained as probability distributions around the stationary states of the mean dynamics and that this provides a basis for equilibrium selection in CP models.

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 The construction and promotion of the Asian Highway in the Mekong Subregion countries will make a part of lower price cargo by ship convert to by land. In this paper, the increase of gross regional domestic products (GRDP) and the minus benefit of carbon emission in this case are estimated with spatial econometrics model (SAR model). The route that can increase GRDP most is Vietnam – Thailand. GRDP is increased not only in the regions along route but also in neighboring regions on each route. The minus benefit of carbon emission is quite smaller on each route.

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 In this paper, we formulate a game theoretic model to analyze the mechanism of the corruption occurrence between the contractor and the upper officer or subordinate officers, whereby focusing the implementation stage of construction projects in developing countries. The major concerns are on the effects of the deterrence policies on the corruption in different internal structure of the governments. In the centralized structure, the proper external penalty can prevent the upper officer taking a bribe from the contractor. On the other hand, in the decentralized structure, the internal penalty might not be effective, and the external penalty for the upper officer and the internal penalty for the subordinate officers are simultaneously introduced to deter the corruption between the contractor and the subordinate officer.

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 Methodology for evaluating the inbound policy is required as inbound tourism turned to be one of the growing industries in Japan. In this study, forecasting inbound demand model that makes up of trip generation and distribution model was used to analyze the impact of political and external factors. Visa requirement for traveling other countries were included in the trip distribution model as the political factors. The result showed that visa requirement was confirmed to be the resistance of outbound travelers. The effect of visa free policy to Chinese traveler was estimated to get another 5 % visitors to Japan.

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 In our past studies, the moment utility model that would estimate the driver's utility to the microscopic driving environment that the driver is facing was proposed, but the influence of trucks on the driver's perception wasn't considered in it. This study examined the existence of the influence of trucks on the driver's perception in the point-basis evaluation of the quality of traffic service. It is found that there exists the influence of trucks in the point-basis evaluation by using the field survey data, and the precision of the model is improved by considering it. Finally, the moment utility model which considers the influence of trucks from the view of safety is proposed.

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 This paper proposes a Cell Emission Approach for estimating CO₂ emission in urban expressways. The estimation models rely on traffic flow data collected by traffic detectors. Two cell-based estimation models, called as the instantaneous model and the time slice model are proposed. The instantaneous model is one of the simplest methods for estimating CO₂ emission. The time slice model is more accurate model than the instantaneous model because trajectories of each vehicle are considered. CO₂ emission from the Hanshin Expressway in Japan is estimated by the proposed models. The results of the estimation are represented by visualization methods.

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 This study attempts to apply the concept of “Eco-efficiency” proposed by WBCSD to solve a dilemma between urban mobility and environmental load in developed and developing cities over the world. Environmental efficiency model based on DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) is developed to measure the level of environmental efficiency in urban transportation systems by considering the heterogeneity inherent in cities. The model can find the frontier cities by referring the sets of public transport-oriented, private transport-oriented and balanced cities. Consequently, it was found that the proposed method leads to a reasonable and feasible goal of transport energy consumption in each city.

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 This study focuses on bus operation as substitute for urban railway after a big earthquake in a city. If urban railway will serious damaged suffer from a big earthquake, it takes to recover long time like a Hanshin-Awaji great earthquake. The problem is the public transport in metropolitan area may require substitute for urban railway to stops in a few railway lines which results the level of public transport service will not adequate. This study proposes to effective for bus operation as substitute for urban railway from these issues by the results and processes on bus operation as substitute for Hanshin urban railways.

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 This paper discusses the effects of shortening inspection time of expressway to reinforcement planning of both medical facilities and ordinary road network. Therefore this paper proposes the advanced model adding the condition of traffic availability after the inspection time of expressway given exogenously to the reinforcement planning model proposed by the previous paper. Application of this model to a small network shows a possibility that shortening inspection time of expressway eliminates the need for ordinary road reinforcement, and further enables to transfer the budget to medical facility reinforcement.

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 Recently, ambulance transportation and the emergency medical treatment activity have several major problems, for example nationwide doctor shortage, an increase of refusal frequency of ambulance transportation patients, an increase of arrival time from the fire station to the emergency hospital. In this study, an antenna station location model for the medical information digital transmission system was developed, considering the enhanced pre-hospital care which is greatly influencing the recovery rate of patients after it had been hospitalized. Then, the model was applied to Komatsu City, Ishikawa Prefecture. As a result, the effectiveness of the system was found by calculating the amount of human loss by introducing this system.

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 It is necessary to cooperate with governmental sector, enterprise sector and civil sector to make the transportation and urban planning and develop the community sustainably. This paper aims to identify the role of community development activities with “Multi-partnership Association” in Hirakata City, reviewing planning process and partnership building. As a result, several significant views were obtained as follows. The role and the way for the three sectors to cooperate at each stage. The significance of the event with a community based on locality.

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 Decline in population of rural areas in Japan is a serious problem in recent years. On the other hands, migration from urban areas to rural areas can attract attention as regional activation. Therefore it is important to promote “UIJ-turn” migration by acceptance policies of population inflow. In this study, we constructed “UIJ-turn” migration model to analyze effect of acceptance policies of population inflow on the migration at first. Then, factors about “UIJ-turn” migration were clarified in questionnaire survey for immigrants. Finally, we could give several suggestions concerning direction of acceptance policies of population inflow.

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 This paper shows that the population increased in non-dividing zoning urban planning area before where urban development was not assumed, by analyzing the population change of local conurbation area. Then we clarified that the non-dividing zoning urban planning area shows increase of population, in contrast unused land of the central city increases, where dividing zoning is introduced, by case study of Toyama conurbation area. In addition, it proposed the ideal way of the land use zoning of local conurbation area.

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 Old towns are being renewed by contemporary space use. An experiment is done to set up miniature model buildings over a map of conventional urban area where many wooden houses still remain. It is observed that town norms are presumed from the photos and models of neighborhood. However no willingness to uniform the spatial configuration is observed in the results. Old town norms is not corresponding to modern space use accurately. However, it is shown to induce the building activity that norms to space use harmonizes with the vicinity to some extents.

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 The purpose of the present paper is to make clear the effects of interactive information by volunteer tour guide. To analyze the various types of volunteer tour guide and their evaluations, we conducted a web survey on people who have experienced in using volunteer tour guide and a mail survey on volunteer tour guide organizations. From the analysis, the interactive information would bring better understandings of culture, history and nature of the destination region and a new motivation to visit again or travel to other destinations in the region. Also it would be important to collaborate with other organizations for solutions of guiding skill development and getting fund, etc.

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 This Paper estimates the land price function that used index of regional disaster risk, and the function that explained the index according to factors concerning disaster prevention. The benefit of the disaster prevention according to the improving urban infrastructure became possible to be evaluated through four indices of the rate of the road, the rate of open space, the building coverage, and the fireproofing rate with these two functions.

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 It is important to implement a new political reconsideration measures in the hilly and mountainous areas in Japan. This paper proposes a method that analyzes the stocks in mountainous area and relationships between general inflows and outflows. The study uses as a framework for evaluating decaying process and the overall existing situation. The actual situations show the achievability of “sustainable condition” by understanding the flow dependency of the stock usage.

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 In this paper, the histories related to the measures against wastewater contamination owing to mining in Ashio are focused on such transition as the recognition of the causes until the fifth order by the government, improvement of the facilities connected by the network to prevent the water pollution, the location and the layout of them, the relation between the ore dressing process that affected to outflow of poisonous water, and the water quality including the comparison of the facilities with the other mines. As a result, the characteristics of the network and the water treatment plants in Ashio are described.

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 The purpose of this paper is to show how industrial hierarchy emerges in a city. Extending the single-industry model of Takayama and Akamatsu (2010), we construct the multi-industry location model with communication externality. Furthermore, we extend the method of bifurcation analysis proposed by Takayama and Akamatsu to analyze this model. The analysis discloses that asymmetric interactions among industries lead to emergence of industrial hierarchy.

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 As for the impacts of decentralization on the innovation by local governments, there are two opposing views. Due to the lack of empirical knowledge, the dispute is still unresolved. In this study, we focus on a special zones system for regulatory reform. We regard a proposal of deregulation as an innovation of regulatory reform, and regard a special zones being approved as a diffusion of innovation. We use a logistic regression analysis and a cross table analysis. Our results show that the innovations tend to be brought by the populous municipalities and tend to diffuse to the populous or financially distressed municipalities.

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 This study suggests an evaluation method for infrastructure maintenance and renovation costs at metropolitan scale, which is basic information for a compact city. According to applying this evaluation system to Nagoya Metropolitan area, the per capita cost for the outside Urbanization Control Area is high, while the cost for Nagoya City is especially low. In addition, it takes several decades to have an effect on reducing the whole cost by relocation from high cost areas to low.

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 In this study, we conducted the field survey at 86 shopping malls in Kyoto city in order to measure the number of pedestrians in each shopping mall and defined the density of pedestrians as the indicator of the life of shopping malls. We quantitatively clarified the relationship of pedestrian space and the life of shopping malls.
 The results indicated that the relationship of pedestrian space have an impact comparing with the accessibility to the shopping malls, the floor space and the density of the shops, which were used as the factors of the life of shopping malls.

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 Ane and Takatoki River basin which is located in Kohoku area of Shiga prefecture is designated as “flood forecast rivers” by the prefecture's government, which is considered a river that can cause serious floods and damage to the area. In this research, we aim at structuring an information system which supports to create not only the small scale evacuation plan within Torahime town but also the large scale one across the administrative boundaries. First, we investigate the flood risk in the area and compare the two evacuation plan: the small scale and the large scale. Next, we investigate the flood risk cognition of Torahime citizens and what kind of evacuating action they take when a flood happens. Then we can structure an evaluation tool for the flood evacuation which applies multi-agent simulation method, and examine various kinds of evacuation plans including the large scale evacuation.

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 The purpose of this study is to obtain the finding for the safer school commuting road designing based on the Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. Therefore, we analyze relation between traffic or physical space elements and suspicious person infestations. Based on the assumption that the almost of the crime intended for children are occasional crime which occurs on school commuting roads in leaving school, and the hypothesis that physical space elements on traffic influence the occurrence of crime, we make suspicious person infestations model composed of existence densities of children. By this model, we was able to select points of discriminant analysis. As a analysis, we can calculate the impacts of the physical component elements on the suspicious person infestations.

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 The aim of this study is to confirm the effect of plan make request on the preparedness and awareness to disaster. We conducted an empirical study at a new developed town in Yamanashi prefecture. The result showed that the distribution of plan sheet has significant effect on some behavior, such as confirmation of emergency contact and preparation of emergency necessary goods. Moreover, some of the awareness to disaster were activated by the plan make request. We concluded that the request to plan for disaster is effective to execute less barrier behavior to disaster preparedness.

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 In recent years, various urban problems have appeared due to the development of motorization, and as a measure against them the idea of compact city is discussed in various cities : from small city to large city. Thus in this study, focusing on the urban population size, we analyze the effect of the measures for compact city by numeral simulation in the hypothetical cities which have various urban population sizes. We clarify the influence of the difference of the urban population size on the effect of these measures.

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 Information displayed on road signs underwent a reduction in character size, per the implementations approved for restructuring the special zones. Our research was conducted in order to evaluate both the legibility and the peripheral aesthetics of the new road signs.
 According to the results of an investigative survey (with a sample size of 170 participants) taken after the reduction in road sign information, 51% of respondents stated that the new signs had improved the peripheral aesthetics thus, a specific effectiveness was measurable. Regarding legibility, 78% of respondents stated that the reduction in character size did not matter, making it apparent that the people who felt inconvenienced by the changes were few in number.
 The results of the engineered inspection (this study targeted each age group with a sample size of 84 people per road sign) found that despite the same reduction in character sizes, there was no uniform response towards the legibility of the new road signs. In addition, the main factor which determined legibility was found to reside in the road contours around the road sign, the volume of information, the height of the road sign and distance from an intersection.

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 This study aimed to analyze the behavioral needs of the visually impaired tourists from the three points of visual functionality, the scope of action, and past experiences.
 As a result, visual functionality may not directly influence their behavioral needs. On the other hands, it became clear that both the rate of experiences and the rate of expression of behavioral need decrease with wide range activities such as walking through area. And, past experiences tend to activate their behavioral needs. But, it become clear that their behavioral needs to wide range activities do not appear when they do not have experiences.

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 Recently, development of information technology is expanding its roles to purchasing activities in cyber space. Therefore, it seems that shopping behavior in real space is being competed or complemented with cyber surfing. However, this topic is not clear enough. This study aims to clarify the influence of cyber surfing on urban duration considering chain reaction among activities. It is clarified that alternative quantity is relatively large compared with complementarity quantity, and the influence of competitive and complementarity differ among various shopping activities.

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 This paper clarifies characteristics of the guidelines for revision of planned roads by Prefecture Governments, and actual conditions of their application based on a questionnaire survey. As a result, it is clarified that a few local governments manage early public involvement and about 10% prefectures and about 40% government-decreed cities took relaxation of regulations for inhabitants' understanding of planned roads.

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 This study aims toexamine the directionality of the revision of planned road without any improvement for long-time (improvement on the present plan or abolition and present road improvement) and its requirements. As the results of the investigations of the traffic function of the object road, the built-up conditions of the roadside and the consciousness and intention of roadside residents by taking up "Taishou Line" in Echizen City as a case, the aspects of the problems and the requirements for the improvement etc. are presented.

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 It is said that one of the important keys to realize a compact city is to develop very convenient public transportation, but quantitative analyses for that are inadequate. In this study, at first, the transportation frequencies over railways and tramways and changes in the distribution of population of all local cities in Japan over time were investigated. Then, the relationship between the level of frequencies of stations in railways or tramways and the distribution of the population around the stations in a whole city or in densely inhabited districts was investigated.

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 Inter-city transportation network develops with expansion of individual transportation network such as aviation, railway, and highway. As highway network expands, inter-city bus also expands the network. Because the long-distance passenger and the route of inter-city bus are increasing steadily, it is necessary to add the inter-city bus to evaluation of inter-city transportation network. The paper estimates user's benefit which is brought by the improvement of each transportation service. The result of the estimation shows that shortening of travel time and waiting time contribute to user's benefit.

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 This paper presents a location model of manufacturing facilities and recycling facilities, considering the variability of the amount of used products. We analyzed the effect of the recycling technology improvement and the environmental regulation to the facility location. We found that when the variation of the used products amount is large, they become reluctant to locate a recycling facility. We also found that too strict environmental regulation leads to decrease production in domestic regions. We show that the reduction of the variation of used products amount is effective for the promotion of recycling.

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 Emotional state, of people, is important element for planning and assessment for urban management, as well as material and behavioral aspect. This is important because we can consider the atmosphere or energy of places with these factors. In spite of such importance, influence on people's affect has got less attention. This study focused on the joyfulness of shopping behavior and analyzing the data from questionnaire survey that have been conducted in domestic cities. Results suggest that travel mode for shopping, place attachment, and accompany person affect the level of joyfulness during shopping. Difference of determinants between weekday and weekend are also implied.

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 Although the importance of urban compaction for reducing the traffic environment load is recognized, travel behavioral compaction—automobile use reduction through individual effort—should be investigated to achieve substantial reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This questionnaire–survey study solicits inhabitants' views on the possibility of reducing current driving by half and inquires about respondents' plans to do so. Results reveal the possibility of reduced automobile use. Finally, we analyzed the influences of current residence location and travel behavior on the respondents' reported possibility and plans.

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 This paper reviews modeling frameworks and empirical evidences on the valuation of travel time variability and summarizes the issues which are needed to work on the economic appraisal of transport infrastructure. In the literature review, we introduce the two classes of the modeling approaches: the mean-variance approach and the scheduling approach and continue with a discussion of their relative advantages and disadvantages. We further introduce a new integrated approach, which has some nice properties for economic appraisals. The summary of future issues are mainly dedicated to forecasting travel time variability, extension of the behavioral model and the aspects of behavioral economics in the stated preference survey.

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 In order to promote bicycle friendly infrastructure, considerations of characteristics bicycle behavior in design is essential. Especially chicanes shape bicycle space are commonly used in various road sections, design guidelines of diameter and so on are not confirmed, for example, when they are adopted in case of elderly people whose cycling speed is lower than usual people's. The aim of study is to show the present situation and problems of chicane shape bicycle space at intersections and bus stops, and to make clear the guidelines of appropriate chicane shape considering comfort sense of cyclists, by employing experimental study of young and elderly cyclists.

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