Papers in Meteorology and Geophysics
Online ISSN : 1880-6643
Print ISSN : 0031-126X
ISSN-L : 0031-126X
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Volume 6, Issue 2
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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  • Meteorological Conditions of the Great Famines in the Last Half of the TOKUGAWA Period, Japan
    H. Arakawa
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 101-115
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_101
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    The first part of this paper deals with the meteorological conditions of the three great famines in Japan 1782∼1787,1833∼1839 and 1866∼1869. For this climatological chronology to have its maximum value reliable and quantitative data are cited with care. The second part deals with four principal factors that may determine what the climate for North Japan shall be. Violent eruptions, variation in the measured intensity of solar radiation, solar activities and water-temperature variation in the North-West Pacific Ocean, are quite of importance as meteorological factors and have significance from a seasonal-forecasting point of view.
    It should be remarked that these famines resulted from the coldness of the summer with unseasonable prolonged rains, while serious famines in India and other monsoon lands result when the rains are far below normal.
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  • On the Snowfall in Tokyo
    K. Itoo
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 116-125
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_116
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    The snowfalls in Tokyo were observed 8 times from 1953 through 1955. Pictures of snowflakes were taken and the size of their particles was measured with the powders of water blue. In Tokyo snow falls at higher temperature. Its crystal forms are needle, dendrite and snow pellets, all of which are rimed crystals.
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  • Measurement of Snowfall Intensity by Radar
    N. Kodaira, M. Inada
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 126-129
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_126
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    In this report the radar snowfall intensity is compared with that obtained from a snowflake sampler and it is shown that the F-factor of 1/8 can be used as in the case of rain measurement. In case the reflectivity factor Z changes rapidly in wide range just like the day of experiment, the measurement of snowfall intensity by radar causes a large error and is very difficult unless Z is obtained directly.
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  • Radar Reflectivity of Falling Snow
    I. Imai, M. Fujiwara, I. Ichimura, Y. Toyama
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 130-139
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_130
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    To investigate the radar reflectivity of falling snow, a continuous observation of size distributions of snow particles was made The fall velocity in relation to the melted diameter of snowflakes was studied simultaneously. The results show that a definite relationship between the radar reflectivity Z and the intensity of snowfall R exists for a duration of an hour or so. With the change in the degree of aggregation of snowflakes, an abrupt change of the coefficient occurs. The coefficients are some 3 to 10 times as great as that in MARSHALL'S relation. A brief discussion of the observed size-distribution curves is made.
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  • Anemometer Reading in the Presence of Nearby Obstacle
    M. Sanuki, S. Kimura, S. Toyama
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 140-143
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_140
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    A three-cup anemometer and a combination wind vane and anemometer model are tested in wind tunnel as to their rotational speed in the presence of a cylindrical obstacle. Somewhat consistent and remarkable errors in reading, especially in the lee-side, are observed which should be taken into account in wind speed measurement at towers, pylons etc.
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  • Atmospheric SO2 in Tokyo District
    Atmospheric Pollution (II)
    M. Moriguchi
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 144-149
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_144
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    On examing the correlation of the variance of atmospheric SO2 observed at each of the six stations in the Tokyo district from 18th to 24th, January,1955, the effects of wind direction and wind force on the concentration of SO2 were found out, and the correlations of the concentration of SO2 with atmospheric dust number, and with visibility were obtained.
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  • Studies of the Distribution of Ultraviolet Sky Radiation (VII)
    On the Role of the Scattered Light Higher than the Second
    K. Sekihara
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 150-163
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_150
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    Intensities of light from the sky ranging from about λ 4660Å to λ 3115Å were calculated, using CHANDRASEKHAR'S theory of radiative equilibrium in a RAYLEIGH atmosphere and the results were compared with observed distribution and also with theoretical results of direct integration of primary and secondary scattering. With the exception of the distribution when the sun's altitude is high where non-Rayleigh scattering is remarkable, the observed distributions were almost quantitatively explained by the theory of radiative equilibrium, but the theory of direct integration could not, because the scattered light of higher orders than the second, amounting to 30∼40% in the range of the wave-length of about λ 3115Å, gave an essential feature to the distribution. However in the visible range these quantities wave at most several percent and the validity of the method of direct integration was confirmed to some extent.
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  • A Study on the Foaming of Sea Water
    A Tentative Analysis of Wind Wave Data in View of the Foaming of Sea Water
    T. Abe
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 164-171
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_164
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    The present author treated tentatively the relation between the wind wave scales and the surface water temperatures in an open sea using the data of oceanographical observations taken at the Northern Fixed Point (39°N,153°E) in the North Pacific Ocean with a view to the foaming of sea water, and the following results were obtained:
    1) The general features of the annual variation in wind waves were discussed (Section 3).
    2) The probability (P3) of the appearance of the wind wave of scale 3 has a tendency to decrease with increasing surface water temperature, that is to say, the lower the surface water temperature becomes, the stronger the foaming ability (Section 4).
    3) A quantity S (=τh0) was deifined, which is physically significant, in order to indicate the degree of foaming in actual cases, where τ and h0 represent the half life and the initial height of foam layer, respectively. Using the values of the quantity calculated from the results of his laboratory experiments, the auther could ascertain that the relationship mentioned abovt holds good approximately (Section 5).
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  • General Aspect of Wind Waves and Swell in the Vicinity of Japan
    S. Unoki
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 172-184
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_172
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    From the visual observation of wind waves and swell made on various coasts of Japan, the strength, duration, distribution, seasonal variation and generating source of them could be understood somewhat quantitatively. The results are shown in several tables and figures.
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  • Researches on the Variations of Oceanographic Conditions in the Region of the Ocean Weather Station “ Extra ” in the North Pacific Ocean (I)
    “ Normal ” Values and Annual Variations of Oceanographic Elements
    M. Koizumi
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 185-201
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_185
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    Oceanographic data of the Ocean Weather Stations “ Extra ” (39°N,153° E) and “ Tango ” (29° N,135° E) are treated. “ Normal ” monthly values, which will be the basis of future investigations, are prepared of some of oceanographic elements. Characteristics of the annual variations in the oceanographic elements are discussed, comparison being made between the two sea regions of the Ocean Weather Stations “ Extra ” and “ Tango ”. Some descriptions are given of spring layers of temperature, chlorinity, and σt and of vertical sta. bility. Besides, numerical values of eddy conductivity are computed by applying FJELDSTAD'S method and some relationships between transparency and colour of the sea are examined.
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  • A Method of Measurement of Size Distribution of Particles in Air or in Other Medium, whose Concentration is Fairly Large
    Y. Takahashi
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 202-204
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_202
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  • A Computation of the Effect of Coalescence on Raindrop Size-Distributions
    M. Fujiwara
    1955 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 205-209
    Published: December 15, 1955
    Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers1950.6.2_205
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