Fostering thinking abilities, such as critical and creative thinking, has become an increasing societal demand in the digital age. Effective education necessitates grasping learners’ thought processes, yet gaining insights into these internal processes through external observations is extremely difficult. The think-aloud method, a concurrent verbal reporting technique where participants vocalize their thoughts, has been traditionally employed but exhibits certain limitations such as evoking heightened tension, and prompts the need for improvements. This pilot study focused on the modality used for reporting, comparing cases where participants reported verbally (think-aloud) versus via typing (type-thought). The aim was to examine potential differences based on participants’ subjective reports between these two reporting methods. After engaging in both methods, participants rated various aspects of each method. They also answered questions regarding their general interpersonal anxiety tendencies and were finally interviewed to gather qualitative feedback. Results indicated that the type-thought method elicited less resistance to reporting or anxiety during performance compared to think-aloud. However, no differences emerged between the two methods regarding perceived reporting difficulty or ease of engagement with the primary task. Notably, an interaction with interpersonal anxiety tendencies suggested that for those prone to such anxiety, the think-aloud method tends to increase resistance to reporting their thoughts. This study demonstrated that the type-thought method possesses distinct characteristics from the traditional think-aloud method, suggesting its potential as an alternative concurrent verbal reporting technique. These findings are highly significant, implying the need for further investigations into the relationships between various individual factors such as personality traits, cognitive styles, and reporting methods. It also highlights the importance of tailoring the reporting method to participants based on their traits and preferences for more accurate insights into thought processes.

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Guided by system justification theory, this study investigated factors of gender system justification. Two hundred and seventy-nine female students were asked to indicate the gender system justification, traditional gender-role orientation, and the following factors: (a) perceptions of the system threat toward the current gender system, (b) implicit theory of gender role, and (c) the perceptions of gender-based discrimination/preferential treatments. Regression analyses were conducted to examine these factors’ main effects and interactions. The result of multiple regression analysis revealed that these variables were independently associated with gender system justification. Notably, the interactions of system threat and other variables were found; the system threat moderated the effects of implicit theory of gender role and discrimination perceptions on gender system justification. The theoretical and applied implications of this study were discussed.

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Movable partitions are commonly used to flexibly adjust the layouts of spaces, making them a popular choice in multi-purpose public spaces. This study aimed to experimentally investigate the effects of movable partitions on the psychological state of space users. Utilizing computer-generated imagery, the research focused on specific public spaces—offices and cafés—where partitions are regularly employed. The psychological state in each type of space was assessed using an eight-item evaluation scale under four partition conditions: no partition, low, medium, and high, assuming activities of “working alone” and “conversing with an acquaintance.” The results indicated that partitions exceeding a certain height positively influenced the psychological state of space users in office spaces. Simultaneously, it also imparted a sense of pressure, regardless of the activity type. In contrast, in the café spaces, while partitions had a similar impact, their effect varied depending on the activity type. Therefore, in café spaces, it is more important to customize partition planning to match the expected behaviors of the space users.

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Based on a comprehensive definition of forgiveness, we defined forgiveness as involving both anger, as an emotional aspect, and the perception of threats, a cognitive aspect that has been under-researched. We assumed that the perception of threats associated with harm could be classified into three categories: the interpersonal threat of the perpetrator, the threat of a harmful situation, and threat of beliefs in a just world. Furthermore, we assumed that forgiveness would be more likely to occur when the likelihood of harm recurrence was low. Hence, this study examined whether the low likelihood of harm recurrence, through the appraisal of the perpetrator and physical circumstances, would mitigate anger and each perceived threat. Participants were 132 Japanese university students who responded to a questionnaire on anger and each threat after they read a scenario. Results indicated that the likelihood of harm recurrence, as assessed through the appraisal of both the perpetrator and physical circumstances, mitigated anger, reflecting the emotional aspect of forgiveness. A factor analysis revealed that the cognitive aspect comprised the threat of harm, which included the threat of both interpersonal and circumstance as one, and threat of beliefs in a just world. The results demonstrated that perceptions of the threat of harm were mitigated by decreasing the likelihood of harm through the appraisal of both the perpetrator and physical circumstances. Conversely, perceived threats to beliefs in a just world were only mitigated by decreasing the likelihood of harm through the appraisal of the perpetrator, not physical circumstances. These findings suggest that the perception of threats related to future risks is a crucial cognitive aspect of forgiveness.

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The Kanagawa Prefecture Child Consultation Centre (2023) has reported that sexual abuse and sexual assault between siblings is on the rise. However, national data on the numbers of consultations regarding and reports of sexual abuse show that the incidence of sexual abuse has not greatly increased; in addition, as no survey has been conducted on sexual assault between siblings, the actual situation is not clear. This study examines the factors that make it difficult for child guidance centres to manage sibling sexual assault and discusses them from two perspectives: the legal situation in Japan and the psychological and behavioural tendencies of perpetrators, victims, and guardians. We found that (1) sibling sexual assault is not regarded as an important problem in the Japanese legal system; (2) guardians, perpetrators, and victims tend to avoid the revelation of family sexual assault for their own reasons; and (3) the lack of consensus on how society should handle the issue of sibling sexual assault may make this situation more difficult.

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本研究の目的は、自分の主観年齢を暦年齢より若く見積もったFeel Young成人が、自分の主観年齢を暦年齢より上と見積もったFeel Old成人よりも、9年後でも認知能力と身体能力が優れているかどうかを調べることであった。神経心理学チームと整形外科チームの両方の検査に参加した1,735人の地域住民のうち、9年の間隔を空けて2回検査を受け、自分の主観年齢を回答した82人が分析の最終的な対象参加者であった。認知項目は、数字のキャンセル、論理的記憶、言語流暢性、ストループテストで構成され、身体機能項目は、10 m歩行テスト、背筋力、バランス能力で構成されていた。結果は、第1に、Feel YoungがFeel Oldよりもほとんどの測定で優れていたこと、第2に、すべての測定で9年間の機能低下が観察されたことを示した。性差については、Feel Youngグループの女性はFeel Oldグループの女性よりも優れた成績を収めたが、男性ではグループ間差は観察されなかった。9年間のパフォーマンスの低下は、女性よりも男性の方が顕著であった。こうした主観年齢の認識に関する男女差は、女性は慎ましく謙虚であるべきとする戦前の儒教の影響が強く、70代、80代の女性の主観年齢の推定に作用したためと考えられる。高齢期における主観年齢の維持は、認知機能と身体機能の両面で健康な老後生活と密接に関係していることが確認された。

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Numerous studies have been conducted over the past few decades to understand how social and political values contribute to political polarization. In modern society, where social divisions are rampant, it is crucial to reveal the psychological underpinnings of political polarization, its negative impact on democracy, and how it can be mitigated. Values concerning socio-political issues are often linked to moral judgments, which can frame one’s attitudes toward the issues as a matter of “right” versus “wrong.” Such framing significantly contributes to political polarization because different viewpoints are, by definition, mutually exclusive for moralized values (A “right” attitude must be accepted, and a “wrong” attitude cannot be accepted). Research has consistently demonstrated that moral convictions can harm interpersonal and intergroup relations and lead to social network fragmentations. This paper reviews recent research on moral conviction, particularly emphasizing its impact on interpersonal and intergroup relations as well as social network compositions. We then highlight the roles of motivations to form a shared reality with communication partners as a potential psychological foundation of political polarization, especially concerning attitudes held with moral convictions. Finally, we discuss how fragmented social networks can recursively affect interpersonal and intergroup relations through obtained sense of shared reality.

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最近、持続可能な開発を促進するために環境訴訟において法の移植（legal transplantation）を活用するアジアの裁判所の役割は、国内環境法におけるギャップを埋めるその機能により、大きな学術的関心を集めている。アジアではこの問題に関する文献が増加しているにもかかわらず、スリランカは見過ごされてきた。公益訴訟におけるスリランカ司法は、外国法や国際法の内容を固有の（indigenous）法規範に調和させることで、国内環境法のギャップを積極的に埋め、持続可能な開発に貢献してきた。また、スリランカの公益訴訟は、インドの判決を移植しながら発展してきた。本論文は、画期的な公益訴訟であるチュンナカム事件を検討し、持続可能な開発における法の移植の視点を明らかにすることにより判決を分析する。外国投資プロジェクトに関わるこの事件では、裁判所は、政府と外国企業が適切な環境社会配慮を行わなかったと判断した。司法はインドの判決と国際的な環境原則に基づいて法規範を作り出し、国内環境法におけるギャップを埋めた。この研究は、司法による同種の法域への法の移植の背景と妥当性について貴重な洞察を提供する。また、投資家が認識すべき手続上の欠陥も浮き彫りにする。さらに、外国投資に基づく経済発展計画を達成するため、発展途上国における環境規制の時代遅れの執行メカニズムを刷新する必要性を強調する。

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When asked about their subjective age, middle-aged and older adults generally report that they perceive themselves to be 10-20 % younger than their calendar age. It has been pointed out that it may serve as a convenient indicator of individual wellness among the older adults. This study examined regional and era differences in subjective age perception among the older adults using the Proportional Discrepancy Score (PDS), which is expressed as the ratio of subjective age to calendar age, as an index. In Study 1, we compared the subjective age of 117 urban residents (urban group) and 148 rural residents (rural group) aged 65 years or older. The urban group showed no difference from that of the rural group in PDS values, but there were significant differences in the distribution of PDS sizes. The PDS in the urban group was almost normally distributed around a class perceived to be 10-15 % younger than calendar age, while in the rural group it was distributed around a class not perceived to be younger than calendar age and a class perceived to be 30 % younger. In Study 2, we investigated whether there were any differences in subjective age perception over a 14-year period for 285 residents of the same rural area. As a result, there was a significant difference in PDS values but no difference in the distribution pattern of PDS sizes. This difference was due to a shift in subjective age perception towards younger people over the 14-year period. These results confirmed that subjective age perception is not only an indicator that sensitively reflects the characteristics of the area in which the elderly live but is also influenced by the era in which the elderly lived.

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The purpose of this research was to clarify the relation between oral frailty, nutrition and cognitive factors in community-dwelling elderly persons (N =184, male = 74, female = 110). Oral frailty (oral frailty screening questionnaire), a chewing questionnaire and swallowing screening (EAT) were t-tested for food diversity, nutritional status, MMSE, and attention-execution cognitive function tests (Stroop, D-CAT tests), which are associated with nutritional decline. Regarding chewing, those persons who answered “Yes” to the question “Is chewing squid the same hardness as takuan (pickled radish)?” were significantly higher in the D-CAT test, and their tongue pressure was also higher (p = .036, p = .022). In addition, those who answered “Yes” to “Can you chew something as hard as a carrot?” were significantly less likely to have swallowing screening (EAT) and had a lower risk of swallowing function (p = .043). Tongue pressure related to chewing and swallowing functions was significantly correlated with age, BMI, and grip strength (r = –.278, r = .279, r = .292). Those with less difficulty in swallowing function had significantly better results in the D-CAT test (r = –.240). Grip strength, tongue pressure, serum albumin, and serum hemoglobin were significantly higher in those with a BMI of 21.0 or higher (p = .021, p = .001, p = .023, p = .025). Therefore, the tongue pressure value was suggested as an index for chewing and swallowing and as an indicator of early malnutrition prevention.

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死者はしばしば生者より肯定的に評価される。心理学者はこれまで、death positivity bias（DPB）という、亡くなった人が存命中より能力や性格を好意的に評価される現象を検討してきた。一方、経済学者はdeath effect（DE）、すなわち芸術家の死後、その作品の市場価値が大幅に跳ね上がる現象を扱ってきた。著者らはまず、DPBとDEの先行研究をレビューし、それぞれの概要、検討対象、発生条件などを明らかにした。その上で、画家ヴィンセント・ヴァン・ゴッホをめぐる、「死後はじめて正当に評価された不遇の天才」という一般的な言説に着目し、ゴッホの事例がDPBあるいはDEによって説明可能かどうかを検討した。DPBとDEの発生条件やHeinich（1991）の論考にもとづき検討した結果、ゴッホが死後に得た名声は、単なるDPBやDEによるものではないこと、彼の卓抜した芸術的才能と、死後に上書きされた「悲劇的な殉教者」というイメージが結びついてもたらされたものであることが示唆された。

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The purpose of this study was to develop the sense of overcoming practicums scale for nursing students and examine its reliability, validity, and related factors. Using the developed sense of overcoming practicums scale, along with the school adjustment scale, practice satisfaction scale, and subjective difficulties sense of scale, an unscored web survey was conducted with 200 new nurses in their first to third year. Three weeks later, 141 participants who agreed to participate in a second survey were surveyed to test the scale’s stability. The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed that the sense of overcoming practicums scale is valid and internally consistent. It consists of 20 items and four factors: “effort and acceptance,” “support from teachers,” “support from nurses,” and “support from family.” In examining the related factors, there was a significant positive correlation especially for “support from teachers” on the school adjustment scale. Significant positive correlations were also found for the practice satisfaction scale, which predicted a positive feeling toward on-site training. However, there were no significant correlations between subjective difficulties sense of scale and the sense of overcoming practicums scale, which were predicted to have negative correlations. It can be thought that further refinement of the subjective difficulties sense of scale item is necessary because of the possibility of other intervening variables.

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The relationship between prospective memory and medication adherence was examined in 51 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Objective evaluation of prospective memory was performed with the number tag task, and the subjective evaluation was performed with the Brief Assessment of Prospective Memory Scale, Japanese version (BAPM-J). In the number tag task, patients were classified into two groups: the returnable group (no decline in prospective memory) and the non-returnable group (decline in prospective memory), and compared between the two groups in terms of disease duration, motor function such as Hoehn Yahr (H-Y) stage, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III, and medication adherence. The BAPM-J responses obtained from the individual and family members were compared, and differences in subjective evaluations between the individual and family members were analyzed. The results showed that 20 of the 51 PD patients failed to return their number tags, and there were significant differences in H-Y and UPDRS Part III scores between the two groups. There were no significant differences in age, years of education, duration of illness, and levodopa equivalents. Many patients with PD took out medicine from the medication calendar or pill case by themselves in the returnable group, while in the non-returnable group, others such as their family or nurse took out the medicine. It is suggested that as motor function declines, patients with PD showed decreased prospective memory, which may affect medication adherence. In addition, the BAPM-J for severely ill PD patients showed a tendency for overestimation by the patient, with the patient’s own evaluation of the BAPM-J higher than that of the family.

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本研究では、出来事中心性（ある出来事が、その人のアイデンティティやライフストーリーにとって、どの程度中心的であるか）と、ロールフルネス（日常生活における持続的な役割満足感）との関係を調査した。大学生活におけるポジティブなライフイベントとネガティブなライフイベントの両方において、出来事中心性とロールフルネスの間に関連があるという仮説を立てた。さらに、この関連はポジティブなライフイベントにおいて、より高くなると予想した。大学生活で経験したポジティブなライフイベント（CES-P）とネガティブなライフイベント（CES-N）に関する出来事中心性尺度と、社会的ロールフルネス因子と内的ロールフルネス因子からなるロールフルネス尺度を用いて、208名の日本人大学生に質問紙調査を実施した。相関分析の結果、両イベントにおける出来事中心性は、社会的ロールフルネス、内的ロールフルネスと正の相関を示した。CES-PとCES-Nをそれぞれ統制した偏相関分析では、CES-Nに比べ、CES-Pがロールフルネスと強い相関を示した。ポジティブな出来事とネガティブな出来事を思い出し、自分のアイデンティティやライフストーリーにおけるその中心性を考慮することは、ロールフルネスの促進に寄与する可能性があり、この関係はポジティブな記憶において顕著であることが示された。

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