The concept of active procrastination is gaining increasing attention in current research, in contrast to past studies which have generally regarded procrastination as a nonadaptive behaviour. However, little is known about the predictors of active procrastination. This study, which was based on earlier research by Yoshida (2016, 2017), aimed to examine the effects of metacognitive ability and other individual factors on active procrastination. The study involved 202 undergraduate participants in Japan, and the results revealed similar relationships between procrastination and individual factors to those in Yoshida's previous study. The findings showed that metacognitive control, past acceptance of time perspective, optimism tendency, and cognitive deliberativeness all promote active procrastination, while present satisfaction of time perspective and depression/anxiety inhibit it. Depression and anxiety, in particular, were found to promote nonadaptive procrastination while cognitive deliberativeness inhibited it. The study also identified significant interaction effects between metacognition and other individual factors on active procrastination. For example, depression and anxiety suppressed achievement ability and the time perspective of active procrastination more when metacognitive monitoring was high, while self-esteem promoted the time perspective of active procrastination more when metacognitive monitoring was low. The study highlights the importance of incorporating metacognition as determinants of active procrastination and focusing on the subcomponents of metacognition. It also suggests that there is a need for new interventions for procrastination behaviours that focus on individual meta-cognitive aspects, such as coping and cognitive therapy. Overall, this study sheds light on the adaptive nature of procrastination and provides insights into the individual factors that can affect active procrastination.
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