As agricultural and maricultural production have increasingly become an industrial operation, antibacterial agents and antibiotics have been used as feed additives and veterinary drugs for the efficiency of feed utilization and increasing growth rate or for therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic purposes. In addition, the anabolic agents were used for the improvement of beef production. This review describes the current overview of these drugs allowed and used for animal and fish with respect to the legal regulation and proper use. The residual analysis of these drugs in foods for the purposes of screening, identification, and quantification were also discussed.

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This review describes the contribution of metal compounds to carcinogenicity and anticancer from four standpoints as follows : (1) For each metal that has been reported or suspected to be carcinogenic, human epidemiology, animal cancer tests, mutagenesis, and in vitro cell transformation were surveyed. (2) Anticarcinogenic action of metals with a suppressive effect on chemical carcinogenesis in animals was surveyed. These roles of metals belong to a concept of chemoprevention and are known to have some suppressive effects on tumor induction and development. (3) Behaviors of essential trace metals related with chemical carcinogenesis and in tumor-bearing animals were briefly surveyed. (4) Antitumor activity of such metal complexes as cisdiamminedichloroplatinum (II), containing complexes of platinum, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, titanium, palladium, stannum, and gold as anticancer agents, was surveyed.

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The reaction products of naphthalene and its methyl derivatives (1- and 2-methyl-, 1, 2-, 1, 3-, 1, 4-, 1, 5-, 1, 8-, 2, 3- and 2, 6-dimethyl-, and 2, 3, 5-trimethyl substituents) with hypochlorite in water were determined by means of gas chromatography, and were tested for mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Naphthalene compounds were shown to produce a variety of chlorination products, including chloro-substituted, oxygenated, and hydroxylated compounds, in chlorinated water. None of these compounds before chlorination was mutagenic to the tester strains TA98 and TA100 with or without the rat hepatic S9 mix. However, treatment with hypochlorite of naphthalene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalenes, 1, 3- and 2, 6-dimethylnaphthalenes, and 2, 3, 5-trimethylnaphthalene in water was shown to produce mutagens in strain TA98 without S9 mix. Several samples obtained from the chlorinated 2-methylnaphthalene, 1, 5- and 1, 8-dimethylnaphthalene, and 2, 3, 5-trimethylnaphthalene solutions also exhibited mutagenic activity on strain TA98 with S9 mix. The production of mutagenic substances was dependent on the reaction pH, the reaction time, and the chlorine dose. The significance of these findings for water chlorination systems is discussed.

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Investigation was made on means of identifying components of hair sprays and hair growth promoters remaining on human hair. Twelve brands of hair spray of 8 manufacturers and 11 brands of hair growth promoter of 7 manufacturers were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Components of 4 brands of hair sprays and 2 brands of hair growth promoters remaining on hair were discriminated by GC and GC-MS. The 6 brands were classified into 4 groups on the basis of these components, and 3 of them were distinguishable by characteristic peak(s) detected by the two methods used. The component of one brand of hair growth promoter was detected even 20 d after application. One other component, that had not been detected in earlier studies on men's and women's hair care products and oxidative dyes was identified in 3 of 4 brands of hair spray. Two components (cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol) of one brand of hair growth promoter which remained on human hair were the same as those of women's hair care products and oxidative dyes, but this may not be interfere with brand identification since the hair growth promoter was only for men. In the application of this method to an actual crime, components of hair care products remaining on hairs adhering to a suspect's clothing were analyzed by GC and GC-MS, since morphological investigation had shown that some of these hairs were partially different from the victim's head hairs. The five main components remaining on hairs of both the victim and the suspect's clothing were found to be exactly the same. Analysis of components remaining on hairs was thus considered to be more objective method than morphological examination in forensic hair comparison.

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A simple and rapid method was developed for the analysis of total germanium (Ge), inorganic Ge (GeO₂) and organic Ge (β-carboxyethyl germanium oxide ; CE-Ge) in Ge-containing health beverages. In order to determine total Ge, the sample was digested with HNO₃. Ge in the sample was changed to inorganic Ge, and extracted with CCl₄ as chloride. The amount of Ge was determined by polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry with a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame by using the discrete nebulization technique (FZAAS). On the other hand, inorganic Ge and organic Ge in the sample were separated by organic solvent extraction and determined by FZAAS without acid digestion. Recoveries of Ge from juice fortified at the level of 25-250 μg Ge/g were more than 92%. The calibration graph was linear between 0.25 and 20μg Ge. The proposed method was recommended for the determination of Ge and differentiation of inorganic Ge and organic Ge in Ge-containing health beverages.

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Searching of unknown samples from 48 medicines, which often came to be analyzed in forensic science, of their pyrograms has been studied by using personal computer. The pyrograms of 48 medicines were obtained by pyrolysis gas chromatography under the same conditions and evaluated from peak heights and peak areas. The evaluation method is as follows, the pyrogram was divided into 14 blocks by retention time and values was given to them based on maximum peak height and area. These data were filed as data base. Unknown samples were measured and evaluated under the same conditions as 48 medicines. The 49 data were input to a personal computer for multivariate analysis. Unknown samples were identified by this method from peak height and peak area as a paraquat and bromovalerylurea, respectively.

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In order to elucidate a relationship between ion components and pH of rainwater, analysis of major ions in rainwater collected in Hirakata City located between Osaka and Kyoto were carried out during a period from May, 1985, to June, 1989. Characteristics of ionic components in rainwater and factors effecting pH of rainwater were discussed by using the data obtained. In this study, average pH value during four years was estimated to be 4.62 (n=214). Comparatively lower pH of rainwater was revealed in winter season. The pH value of rainwater tended to terminate to be pH 4.62 with increasing the amount of rainfall. The relationship between the amount of rainfall (x : mm) and EC (y : μS/cm) was found to be y=bx^-a. Comparison of anionic and cationic ion ratio in rainwater demonstrated that NO₃^- was the largest share in anions and each NH₄⁺ and Na⁺ was the lowest one in rainwater showing below pH 4.62. It is considered that acidification of rainwater may be caused by the ratio of anionic and cationic components in rainwater.

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The present study was done to characterize the diversity of the aniline-degrading bacteria in river water in respect to taxonomy, substrate specificity of aniline derivatives, and inducibility and stability of the aniline-degrading activity. Aniline-degrading bacteria, isolated from Ina River water, were shown to belong to the genera Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes, the former being more capable of degrading a wide variety of aniline derivatives than the latter. Aniline-degrading activities of both genera were inducible by aniline and the activities were lost in some strains after treatment with acridine orange, suggesting that the aniline-degrading enzymes were encoded in the plasmid DNA in these strains.

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In order to evaluate the availability of polymer membranes for separating volatile chlorinated organic compounds from water, the ability of several kinds of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes was examined to reject 4 trihalomethanes (THM : chloroform, bromdichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform) and 4 chlorinated organic solvents (COS : 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroehylene) from water in this report. Samples containing chlorinated organic compounds of high and low concentrations, e.g., 25 mg/l and 100μg/l for chloroform, respectively, were tested by considering the application of RO membranes to waste water treatment. It was found that 1) polyamide and polyvinyl alcohol RO membranes showed higher removal rate than cellulose acetate RO membrane, especially aromatic polyamide RO membrane showed the highest rejection, 2) the removal rate decreased with increasing the volume of permeate, indicating that separation is due to adsorption in addition to reverse osmosis. More than 99% of 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane and carbon tetracloride were separated by using RO module consisting of spiral-wound aromatic polyamide membrane. Higher removal rate is expected to be achieved for other compounds by serial connection of RO modules.

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