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KAZUICHI HAYAKAWA, ATSUSHI YAMAMOTO, MOTOICHI MIYAZAKI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
1-12
Published: February 28, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: May 30, 2008
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Ion chromatography (IC), which was introduced in 1975, has become widely used for the sensitive and simultaneous determination of ions. In the early stage, the IC system consisted of two ion-exchange columns (separator and suppressor, respectively) and a conductivity detector. Although this combination is still the most popular, new forms of separation and suppression have been developed. On the other hand, an indirect photometric detection using a UV detector has become popular in IC and other detectors commonly used in HPLC also have been used. Each of them has specific advantages for different types of analyses. Thus, IC is now defined as a form of liquid chromatography of ions. This article reviews new developments of the different forms of IC and their applications, especially to environmental samples, foods, biological materials and drugs, from reports published since 1990.
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YUICHI MIYABARA, JUNZO SUZUKI, SHIZUO SUZUKI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
13-19
Published: February 28, 1994
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A large amount of i-urobilin is present in the bottom sediment of urban rivers, and the value of distribution ratio (sediment/water) increase along the river, being higher at the river mouth. The adsorption equilibrium of i-urobilin is important to estimate the movement of i-urobilin as a fecal pollution indicator in the aquatic environment. A model adsorption experiment was carried out to determine the factors affecting the uptake of i-urobilin by the bottom sediment. The particle size of sediment affected the adsorption of i-urobilin. Furthermore, the content of i-urobilin in sediment agreed with the model adsorption experiment. It was reported previously that the content of i-urobilin and suspended solids in river water increased after rainfall. These indicated that i-urobilin moved with suspended solids, which would precipitate at the river mouth. These results suggested that sediment samples should be collected at the mouth of the river, where i-urobilin was concentrated.
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KAZUICHI HAYAKAWA, MIZUKA BUTOH, YUKIKO HIRABAYASHI, MOTOICHI MIYAZAKI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
20-25
Published: February 28, 1994
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1, 3-, 1, 6-, 1, 8-Dinitropyrenes (DNPs) and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) in exhaust particulates from idling gasoline and diesel engines were determined using off-line sodium hydrosulfide reduction followed by HPLC with chemiluminescence detection. The mean concentrations of 1, 3-, 1, 6-, 1, 8-DNPs and 1-NP were 0.22, 0.44, 0.35 and 1.8 pmol/mg, respectively, in gasoline particulates (n=8) and 0.23, 0.23, 0.21 and 51 pmol/mg, respectively, in diesel particulates (n=7). Although the concentrations of DNPs were lower than that of 1-NP in both gasoline and diesel particulates, they cannot be dismissed as negligible because of their extremely high mutagenicity. There was a tendency toward higher DNPs and 1-NP concentrations in particulates, with the lowering of particulate concentration in exhaust gas. The total amount of DNPs and 1-NP emitted from diesel engine vehicles was considered to be remarkably higher than that of gasoline engine vehicles.
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NOBUMITSU HANIOKA, HIDETO JINNO, HIROSHI SEKITA, TOSHIMASA TOYO'OKA, M ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
26-33
Published: February 28, 1994
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In the present study, we examined the effects of a rare earth element, lanthanum (La) on the excretion into the urine and feces as well as the distribution of calcium (
45Ca) and phosphorus (
32P) in the liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, lung, heart, thymus, brain, bone and blood of male rats. The experiments were performed using 5 rats in each group. Lanthanum chloride (LaCl
3) was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/rat/d as La for 5 weeks (La-A group).
45Ca and
32P were administered orally or intravenously once, and following the administration, the urine and feces were collected daily for 8 consecutive days. As a result, the amount of oral
45Ca and
32P excreted into the feces in the La-A group increased remarkably compared with that of the control group (41→91% and 26→99%, respectively), whereas
45Ca and
32P excreted into the urine in the La-A group was reduced (9.5→0.2% and 28→0.3%, respectively). However, the excretion patterns in the urine and feces and the distribution of
45Ca and
32P in the body of rats given La, were similar to those of the control rats after the stop of the La administration (La-B group). The levels of
45Ca and
32P in the body for 8 d after their administration was highest in the control group, followed by the La-B group, and lowest in the La-A group. Moreover, in the La-A group, the levels of
45Ca and
32P in each organ decreased by 1/2 to 1/75 compared with those in the control rats, but there was no significant difference between the control group and the La-B group. However, the excretion patterns in the urine and feces and the distribution of
45Ca and
32P in the La-A group was similar to those of the control group when
45Ca and
32P were administered intravenously. These results suggest that La inhibits the uptake of
45Ca and
32P temporarily, and that the action is reversible.
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TERUHISA HIRAYAMA, YASUSHI KATAYAMA, TERUE KASAI, TETSUSHI WATANABE
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
34-38
Published: February 28, 1994
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The relationship between the inhibitory effects of water soluble vitamins and SH compounds on the formation of O
6-methyldeoxyguanosine (MedGuo) and on the mutagenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was investigated. Thiamine (B
1), riboflavin (B
2), pyridoxine (B
6), nicotinamide, ascorbic acid (AsA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) were selected as water soluble vitamins, and cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) were also selected as SH compounds. In the experiments of the inhibitory effects of the compounds on the formation of O
6-MedGuo, MNNG, 2'-deoxyguanosine and each of the above compounds were incubated at 37°C for 6 h, and the resulting O
6-MedGuo was derivatized to the fluorescent compound. Then, the fluorophore was determined by HPLC, and the formation ratio (%) of O
6-MedGuo was calculated and compared to that in the reaction without vitamin or SH compound. By the addition of SH compounds (100-folds molar of MNNG), the amounts of the formed O
6-MedGuo was depressed to less than 10%. The inhibitory effects of AsA and DHA on the formation of O
6-MedGuo were greater than those of other vitamins. The desmutagenic effects of AsA and Cys on the mutagenicity of MNNG in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 were observed, and the mutagenicity was reduced to 10% or less by the addition of equimolar AsA and Cys to MNNG. The desmutagenic effects of B
1, B
2 and B
6 on MNNG were not observed.
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YUICHI FUSHIWAKI, NORIO TASE, KAZUO KOTODA, KOHEI URANO
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
39-48
Published: February 28, 1994
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Environmental pollution by pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) was investigated from 1988 to 1992 at Sugadaira in Nagano prefecture, where large amount of PCNB has been applied. PCNB in high concentration was detected in river water near the agricultural land. In particular, the concentration of PCNB in river water was high in July and August over one month after the application of PCNB, and so the river water pollution by PCNB continued all the year around. As PCNB was detected in rainfall water in June and July, PCNB was presumed to be distributed widely in surroundings. The decrease of the concentration and of the load of PCNB in river water were observed near the wetlands in Sugadaira. Therefore, the degradation of PCNB has progressed in wetlands. Since the high concentrations of total organic halogen (TOX) in river water and groundwater were detected, TOX can be used as an index of pollution by chlorinated pesticides. The concentration of PCNB in river water increased rapidly after rainfall owing to flow and suspension of soil and sediment containing pesticides. Therefore, the rainfall increased the loads of PCNB to river.
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YOSHIHIKO MIYATA, HIROAKI ANDO
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
49-54
Published: February 28, 1994
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A rapid and highly selective method for the identification of 40 kinds of organophosphorus pesticides was developed using
31P Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with the
1H complete decoupling method. Chemical shifts referenced by 85% H
3PO
4 were within -7 to 100 ppm, and there was no overlapping one among the organophosphorus pesticides tested. It is clear that the
31P chemical shift is sensitive to the changes of the molecular structure. This method has been also proved to have high capability in selecting
31P atom contained in the material which includes water and other impurities.
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YUZI TAKEKOSHI, TOSHIYUKI MITSUI, SUSUMU KANNO, SHOZI KAWASE, TADASHI ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
55-60
Published: February 28, 1994
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Blended yarns composed of cotton and polyester were pyrolyzed with 10% hydrochloric acid by Curie-point pyrolyzer, and the pyrolysates were subjected to gas chromatograph. The data were used for the multivariate analysis such as a cluster analysis, cluster analysis derived from the deviation and principal component analysis. Subsequently the accurate blending ratios of blended yarns were calculated from the principal score. This method made it possible to determine the blending ratios of very small amount of blended yarns composed of cotton and polyester, and made it easy to perform the forensic discrimination of the blended yarns.
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TOSHIHIKO TOIDA, NAOTO KAKINUMA, TOSHIO IMANARI, TATSUO SHIINA
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
61-65
Published: February 28, 1994
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In order to investigate enzymatic and non-enzymatic detoxication mechanisms of cyanide in vivo and in vitro, compounds derived from cyanide such as thiocyanate and protein bound thiocyano groups were measured. In addition, high performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric techniques for the determination of 2-iminothiazolidine carboxylic acid (designated as ITC) have been established and applied to the cyanide poisoning study using experimental animals. Furthermore, the determinations of the compounds related to cyanide as indicated above were performed in 16 fire victims for one year. lethal concentrations of cyanide were detected in 56%, but the sum of the concentrations of cyanide and protein bound thiocyano groups showed that 75% of the victims might be exposed to toxic levels of cyanide. Although ITC could not be detected in any cases supplied for this study, the measurements of the blood levels of not only cyanide but also compounds derived from cyanide, such as protein bound thiocyano groups may be very useful to determine the cause of death in fire victims.
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TOMIO NOZAKA, SAYURI YAMADA, YOSIFUMI HIROSE, MASAZO ISHINO, AKIO TANA ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
66-70
Published: February 28, 1994
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Water extracts of 41 commercial crude drugs were subjected to screening studies for mutagenicity by means of the reversion assay with Ames'strain TA 98 and TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Ten of the water extracts were found to be positive in the Ames test. In general, these observed mutagenicity was, however, quite weak. Among them we attempted to isolate a major mutagenic component from Sophorae flos which was markedly active, and was regarded as quercetin.
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TOSHIHARU SEGAWA, KATSUHIKO NAKAMURO, YASUYOSHI SAYATO
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
71-77
Published: February 28, 1994
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Studies on the biodegradation of Trp-P-2 by Zoogloea ramigera in activated sludge were investigated. From the result on the effect of Trp-P-2 to the bacteria, it was recognized that the concentration of Trp-P-2 which did not have a strong effect on the growth, oxygen uptake rate and dehydrogenase activity of the bacteria was below 5 mg/l. The bacteria acclimated to Trp-P-2 were obtained by the cultivation at 25°C and for 60 d using the nutrient medium containing 5 mg/l Trp-P-2. Trp-P-2 was adsorbed on and penetrated into the bacteria regardless of the acclimation. However, the increase of Trp-P-2 content in the bacteria was higher in the acclimated bacteria than in the non-acclimated bacteria. The biodegradation of Trp-P-2 by the bacteria was suggested from the fact that Trp-P-2 in the medium was eliminated by the acclimated bacteria.
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KIYOMATSU HASHIZUME, MASANORI NOZAWA, CHITOSE TODA, TERUYO YASUI, HIDE ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
78-90
Published: February 28, 1994
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To examine the biodegradation of environmental pollutants, particularly pesticides, by aquatic microbes, water sample from three ponds with different surroundings in Nagoya City were subjected to water quality analysis, classification of microflora and microbial biodegradation tests using the cultivation method (Handai method). Physicochemical studies revealed that the three ponds were class B or C according to the Environmental Standard for Lakes and Marshes. The total phosphorus concentration suggested that they were eutrophic. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant in the microflora of all three, and included microorganisms of Alcaligenes sp., Acinetobacter sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Studies on the microbial biodegradation of pesticides revealed that ethylthiometon and fenitrothion were degraded to a considerable extent in the ponds, while isoxathion and simazine were degraded little. The degree of biodegradation varied among the water samples with the month of collection and the test chemicals used to assess it. Microorganisms of Acinetobacter sp. reportedly degrade environmental pollutants, and many isolates of this genus proved capable of destroying ethylthiometon, isoxathion, fenitrothion and anthracene. These organisms were able to grow vigorously in liquid culture, particularly in the presence of fenitrothion or anthracene.
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SAKAE KOMATSU, SHOICHI MURATA, HIROYUKI AOYAMA, TOMOKO ZENKI, MITSURU ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
91-95
Published: February 28, 1994
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We describe the simple, rapid and sensitive quantitation of triazolam in human biological fluids by an HPLC with solid-phase extraction. Triazolam was extracted from human plasma with an excellent recovery with Bond Elut CN-E as a solid-phase extraction column. The extract was then applied to HPLC fitted with a C8 column. The effluent was monitored by UV detection at 230 nm. The validation results indicate that the method showed excellent intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy with high sensitivity. The low limit of quantitation was 0.2 ng/ml when 2 ml of plasma sample was available. The method was successfully applied to plasma, urine and effluent of gastric lavage collected from patients.
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SEIICHI UENO, MUTSUO ISHIZAKI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
96-100
Published: February 28, 1994
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A simple and rapid method for the determination of reduced glutathione (GSH) in plants and biological samples by thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was studied. After a sample was homogenized in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in a glass homogenizer with teflon pestle, the homogenate was centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant solution was filtered through disposable syringe filter unit (cellulose acetate, 0.45 μm), and the filtrate was applied for the determination of GSH by selected ion monitoring (SIM) of a protonated molecular ion at m/z 308. Analytical conditions for LC/MS were as follows : column : Shim-pack CLC-ODS (6.0 mm φ×15 cm), mobile phase : 0.05% TFA-acetonitrile (95 : 5 v/v), flow rate : 0.8 ml/min, exit temperature from the vaporizer : 200°C, ion source block temperature : 260°C Under these conditions, GSH in plants and biological samples could be determined with recovery of 95-105%. The coefficient of variation was as low as 5%. The calibration curve was linear between 1 and 100 μg/ml (r=0.999).
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HIROMI MORI, TAKAHIKO SATO, HISAMITSU NAGASE, YOSHIMICHI SAKAI, SACHIK ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
101-110
Published: February 28, 1994
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When the patients who were suspected to take pesticides were carried into hospital, rapid identification of pesticides was mostly necessary. We investigated the rapid and simple screening method for the identification of pesticides in the case of toxicosis in general hospital using thin layer chromatography (TLC). We selected 46 common pesticides having many toxications. They were analyzed by fluorescent silica gel TLC with four developing solvent systems and three detection methods. As the results, 24 pesticides were detected at less than 0.5 μg by observation under UV radiation. Twelve of 46 pesticides reacted with Dragendorff reagent. Especially paraquat and diquat were highly sensitive to it. 4-(p-nitrobenzyl) pyridine-tetraethylenepentamin reagent reacted to all organophosphorous compounds and their lower detection limits were 0.03-20 μg over a wide range. Standard deviations of Rf values were very small. The good recoveries of pesticides were obtained from spiked serum samples. This method enabled us to identify pesticides as the cause substances of toxicosis rapidly from the serum and returned gastoric lavege solution from patients.
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Mineo Yasuda
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P1-P3
Published: February 28, 1994
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Environmental pollution by dioxins and related compounds has attracted much social attention. The present review briefly describes mechanisms of toxic actions, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and developmental toxicity of dioxins. Although many animal experments demonstrated those toxic actions, few human epidemiologic data have definitely indicated those health effects. Toxicity of dioxins should be evaluated by accumulated scientific data.
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Hideaki Miyata
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P4-P7
Published: February 28, 1994
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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzo-furans and non-ortho coplanar PCBs exihibit similar physical, chemical and biological properties with each others. Therefore, these compounds are treated as so called Dioxin related compounds. In recent years, they have been the subjects of much concern in the environmental field in various countries. This review was undertaken to summarize the real situation and problem of environmental pollution by Dioxin related compounds. Especially, pollution levels in environmental, human and food samples, daily intakes via food and human milk, and risk assessment are included.
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KENICHIRO OGURA, MASAHIRO SATSUKAWA, YOSHIHIRO MORI, KATSUYOSHI SUZUKI ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P8
Published: February 28, 1994
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YOSHIHISA KATO, MINORU KAWASHIMA, SHIZUO YAMADA, RYOHEI KIMURA, KOICHI ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P9
Published: February 28, 1994
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SEIICHI UEYAMA, YUZURU MIZUKAMI, KOJI ARIZONO, TOSHIHIKO ARIYOSHI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P10
Published: February 28, 1994
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KAZUHITO WATANABE, JUNKO KIMURA, YASUYUKI IWAWAKI, TAMIHIDE MATSUNAGA, ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P11
Published: February 28, 1994
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TAKAKO YAMAGUCHI, HIROSHI UEHARA, HIROKO OKA, TSUYOSHI SAITOU, HIROYAS ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P12
Published: February 28, 1994
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KAZUAKI KAWAI, HIDEYUKI FURUKAWA
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P13
Published: February 28, 1994
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KAZUMI SUGIHARA, SHIGEYUKI KITAMURA, KIYOSHI TATSUMI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P14
Published: February 28, 1994
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MICHI MATSUMOTO, YASUNOBU AOKI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P15
Published: February 28, 1994
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ATSUKO ADACHI, KOJI UEDA, TOSHIO OKANO, NAOKO TSUGAWA, TADASHI KOBAYAS ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P16
Published: February 28, 1994
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Guang Wu, Kimiko Hirayama, Akira Yasutake
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P17
Published: February 28, 1994
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Jiro Fujiyama, Kimiko Hirayama, Akira Yasutake
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P18
Published: February 28, 1994
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KYOKO MIURA, THOMAS W. CLARKSON, KAZUMASA IKEDA, AKIRA NAGANUMA, NOBUM ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P19
Published: February 28, 1994
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NARUMI SUGIHARA, YASUTO TSURUTA, YUUKO DATE, KAZUYA KOHASHI, KOJI FURU ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P20
Published: February 28, 1994
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KOJI ARIZONO, KAORI NODA, SHINICHIRO KAGAWA, TOSHIHIKO ARIYOSHI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P21
Published: February 28, 1994
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CHIKA YAMAMOTO, TOSHIYUKI KAJI, MICHIKO SAKAMOTO, HIROSHI KOZUKA
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P22
Published: February 28, 1994
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YASUMITSU OGRA, KYOKO YAMAMOTO, SANAE KANNO, YASUNOBU AOKI, KAZUO T. S ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P23
Published: February 28, 1994
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KENJI KAWAGUCHI, TAKAYUKI SATO, KENZO YAMANAKA, NAOTO OKU, SHOJI OKADA
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P24
Published: February 28, 1994
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ATSUSHI YOKOYAMA, MASAHARU AKITA, YOSHIO USUI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P25
Published: February 28, 1994
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NAOMI KUDO, YOICHI KAWASHIMA, KEIZO WAKU, HIROSHI KOZUKA
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P26
Published: February 28, 1994
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MEGUMU HATSUMURA, TAKUMI ISHIDA, YUJI ISHII, NORITAKA ARIYOSHI, YOSHIK ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P27
Published: February 28, 1994
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TOSHIHIDE SUZUKI, HARUYO SASAKI, HIDEO ISONO
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P28
Published: February 28, 1994
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KAZUICHI HAYAKAWA, NORIKO TERAI, TSUYOSHI MURAHASHI, MOTOICHI MIYAZAKI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P29
Published: February 28, 1994
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KIMIKO HIRAYAMA, AKIRA YASUTAKE, IKUO SUDA
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P30
Published: February 28, 1994
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TERUHISA HIRAYAMA, YASUO MORI, TERUE KASAI, TETSUSHI WATANABE
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P31
Published: February 28, 1994
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YOKO KAWASAKI, YUKIHIRO GODA, KUNITOSHI YOSHIHIRA, TAKASHI YAMADA
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P32
Published: February 28, 1994
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TOSHIYUKI KAJI, SUSUMU OHKAWARA, CHIKA YAMAMOTO, MICHIKO SAKAMOTO, HIR ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P33
Published: February 28, 1994
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IPPEI NAKAGAWA, MIEKO SUZUKI, TAKAHIRO YANAGIYA, NOBUMASA IMURA, AKIRA ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P34
Published: February 28, 1994
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TOSHIAKI KOIZUMI, TOSHIKI YOKOTA, HIROAKI SHIRAKURA, HIROSHI KUMAGAI, ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P35
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NAOTO TSUCHIYA, TAKAFUMI OCHI
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P36
Published: February 28, 1994
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KENZO YAMANAKA, HIROTAKA HAYASHI, KOICHI KATO, AKIRA HASEGAWA, MASAKAT ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P37
Published: February 28, 1994
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TOMOHIKO SUGIYAMA, KEIKO MASUDA, HITOSHI HARADA, YASUNOBU SUKETA
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P38
Published: February 28, 1994
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KAZUSHI WATANABE, MASATO TAGUCHI, HIDEAKI KITO, HISAMITSU NAGASE, TAKA ...
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P39
Published: February 28, 1994
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YASUJI HOJO, AYAKO OKADO
1994 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages
P40
Published: February 28, 1994
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