In Landscape Architecture, European gardens are generally realized as the architectural style or the plane geometrical style in other words the formal style and the Japanese gardens are comprehended as the landscape style or the natural style. But these differences between the two are caused by the significance of each nature, namely the European nature is formal and the Japanese nature is informal, We must understand all gardens have a great influence on their natural environments. Our food, clothing and shelter are developed on the basis of their natural features. Our thoughts and cultures are also based on our natural environments. It may be said that man and nature interact each other. All Japanese cultures are easy to understand by our natural features-namely high temperature and abundant humidity. By these natural features, we Japanese receive natural favor of rices, vegetables and fishes. We Japanese can inhabit without animal meats. The Budhism which admonish the wanton destruction of lives have easily found acceptance with Japanese. The natural features of Europe may be representative of grass and pasture. European lives are unthinkable without meat. The Christianity which set up a clear distinction between man and animal has spread deep root in Europe spontaneously.
Above mentioned opinions about the relationship between man and nature have generally found acceptance with many scholars. These opinions are based on the consideration-“the European climate is suited t) the cultivation of grass and the Japanese climate is fit for the growth of rice plant.” But this consideration is in tlae wrong. Europe has a better harvest than Japan about the yield of the fruit-bearing crops-rice and wheat, etc.-per unit area. On the contrary, Japan has a far better harvest than Europe about the yield of grass per unit area.This undeniable fact come to a conclusion that there are the insubordinate attitude against nature both in Europe and Japan in the relationship between man and nature. This attitude of insubordination against nature is one of the important key to make clear the characteristic of the Japanese garden. It is an accepted opinion that the Japanese garden is highly adaptable to nature. But the Japanese garden is quite heterogeneous as compared with the nature of Japan. The insubordinate attitude against nature in Japan may be assumed to restrain the vegetative growth of plants. The development of Japanese traditional technique of the plant pruning for setting in good form has its origin in this restrain of plant growth against nature. It make also clear the origin of the technique of Bonsai (dwarf-tree culture). The insubordinate attitude also means the priority of human spirit against nature. The characteristics of the modeling of special thoughts-especially Buddhism-in the Japanese gardens are also realized by the insubordinate attitude against nature. What has been seid above applies to many considerations'about Lanscape Architecture as well as the Japanese gardens.

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この研究は自然休養地の中核である山岳休養地の利用実態調査を通じ、共通の法則性を探究し、あわせてその動態的問題を検討する目的によりなされた。
この調査は無作為抽出質問調査を主とし、信頼度0.90以一上で精度0.10を上廻る結果を得るように行われ、総数0.5万をこえる回答により、所期の成果を得た。
その結果は目的・年令・集団・居住・滞在・消費の要因で分析され、休養地別目的別季節別および経年別の差異が考察された。この考察は阿蘇国立公園長者原の例を中心とし、これを大山隠岐国立公園人山寺の例と比較したが知見の主なものは下記の通りである。静態的に見ると、居住地分布を除き、休養地別より日的別の方が実態差が大きい。動態的変化による経年差では、居住地分布の拡大や滞在時間の縮小、あるいは利用年令層の拡大に見られる。

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The origin of garden space in Japan-A case study at Kasori shell mounds-
1. The approach to this problem
2. Constitution of settlement and common field
(1) On Kasori shell mounds and Pattern of settement
(2) Their life and something needed by theirgroup
(3) Origin of landownship and enclosure
3. ConclusionRegarding the garden and common field in settlement constitution as parts of social vesseles to put in their behaviores, this report tries to understand following problemes which are how consciously site planning of settlement was carried out and the origin of Garden space in Japan, during physical pattern of settlement.

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Even around the daily life, we can find many types of space. Each of them has it's meanings of the life activity and overlaps each other. It seems to be a chaos, but from the standpoint of semantics of the space, it is better to think of the shèma of them over large scale objects, for instance, glove…
The following shèmas are for the semantic ecology about the environment.
Shéma A: Classification of environment through history
First stage-Proto nature
Second stage-“Mure” community composed of mainly family
Third stage-Family, blood relation community
Forth stage-Family, regional community, nation
Fifth stage-Family, functional communty, nation, international community
Shéma B: Contemporary environment (1+2)
1. Exploitation of the symbol-Fifth stage
2. Traces of the symbol-Fragments of first-forth environment
Shèma C: An environment
Vector of diffusion
Vector of recognizing territory

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