In the presence of 5% Pd-carbon, hydrogen donors such as indoline, formic acid, cyclohexene, sodium borohydride, tetrahydroquinoline, and 2, 5-dihydrofuran reduced methyl linoleate under mild reaction conditions. In these reactions, the selectivity to monoenoates was rather high but isolated trans double bonds were formed considerably. The reduction with indoline catalyzed by 10% Pd-asbestos and Pd-black gave similar results. In the hydrogen transfer from indoline catalyzed by Pt-black, the formation of trans double bonds was relatively little but the selectivity to monoenoates was lower than in the reactions catalyzed by the palladium catalysts. The catalytic activity of 10% Pt-asbestos and W-2 Raney nickel was lower than that of the catalysts described above. In the reduction by indoline, methyl esters of trans-9, trans-12-octadecadienoic acid, alkali conjugated octadecadienoic acid, oleic acid, and elaidic acid were examined as substrates in addition to linoleate. In the reactions catalyzed by Pd-carbon and Pd-black, the reactivity of all the dienoates was similar one another, and that of the monoenoates resembled mutually though it was lower than that of the dienoates. In the reduction catalyzed by Pt-black all the substrates showed comparable reactivity.

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In order to utilize the Mettler softening point (MSP), the method for measurement of softening point of coal tar and pitch, for solid fat, conditions for measurement were examined with four kinds of solid fat. Measured values of MSP of hardened and unhardened solid fat were comparatively examined with values obtained by other methods, especially those from the Mettler dropping point (MDP) and softening point by the JIS method (SFP). Results obtained were as follows :
1) Values obtained by measurement of MSP tended to become higher with a more rapid rate of temperature rise and the values tended to become more scattered. However, values from MSP became approximately equal to those from MDP when temperature was raised at the rate of 1°C/min, and scatter of the values was relatively small.
2) In soybean oil and fish oil with low degree of hardening and in coconut oil with high degree of hardening, temperature range of the SFI curves in the low SFI region was relatively wide, MSP showed lower value than MDP, and scatter of the values was comparatively large. With progress of hardening in the former two oils and lower the degree of hardening in the latter oil, this temperature range became narrower, and the difference between MSP and MDP, and scatter of measured values tended to become smaller.
3) In all of the hardened oils, correlation between MSP and SFP was recognized at 0.1% level of significance. In addition, scatter from the regression line was small, indicating the close relation between the two.

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This study was undertaken to know the toxicity, distribution of sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) and the histological feature of fish exposed to LAS or LAS-gluten solution.
In LAS-gluten solution the apparent acute toxicity of LAS to fish was decreased. In distribution study using ¹⁴C-labeled LAS, it was found that in LAS solution the radio-activities were observed mainly in skin and gill, and in LAS-gluten solution the activities in these parts of fish were lower. But the radio activity in bile was higher in LAS-gluten solution than in LAS solution. Radio activity in whole body of fish was lower in LAS-gluten solution than in LAS solution.
Histological investigation showed that gill and intestine and then kidney and liver were affected. Those histological effects of each organ occurred more faster in LAS solution than in LAS-gluten solution.
The radio-active substance in the bile was detected as a metabolic product of LAS by TLC method.

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The 2-aminocarboxylic amphoteric surfactants containing ether and substituted amino groups such as 2- {N- [2- (2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl]} aminofatty acid (abbreviated as (I) -C_n) and 2- {N- [N'- (2-hydroxyethyl)] aminoethyl} aminofatty acid (abbreviated as (II) -C_n) were prepared by reaction of 2-bromo fatty acid methyl ester with 2- (2-aminoethoxy) -1-ethanol or 2- (2-aminoethylamino) -1-ethanol and subsequent saponification. The methyl esters employed were ones of lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids. The isoelectric points, the critical micelle concentration (cmc) values, and the dependence of the cmc and surface tension on the pH value were determined. The relationship between log cmc and alkyl chain length (N) was expressed as the following equations; log cmc=3.00-0.382 EN for (I) -C_n and log cmc=0.33-0.336·N for (II) -C_n The cmc value of (I) -C₁₂ in alkaline solution was higher than in acidic solution and moreover was higher than that of 2- [N, N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)] aminododecanoic acid. The surface tension of (I) -C_n, and (II) -C_n gave a cenparatively conbined value from 30 to 47 dyn/cm over a wide pH range probably owing to the presence of ether, amino or hydroxyl group.

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Higher aldehydes acetalized with diethylene glycol were treated with diethylene glycol ditosylate in the presence of potassium t-butoxide to give a series of 2-alkyl-1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-heptaoxacycloeicosane (C_n-20-crown-7). Although the obtained acetal crown ethers were found to be subject to hydrolysis, the ethers were stable in very dilute alkaline solution enough to evaluate the surfactant properties.
The surfactant properties were compared with those of several type of polyoxyethylene (POE) nonionics with the same hydrophobic group and the same number of EO units.
The acetal crown had rather lower cloud point and smaller critical micelle concentration (cmc) than those of nonionics with linear POE, indicating the less hydrophilicity of cyclic POE. No significant differences were found between the acetal crown and POE nonionics in respect of surface properties, surface tension above cmc and molecular area on absorption at air/water interface.
The acetal crown catalized the reaction of alkylhalide with potassium phenoxide in organic solvent. The catalytic activity in benzene was significantly higher than that of dibenzo-18-crown-6.

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The ultimate biodegradabilities of ten anionic, three cationic and five nonionic surfactants, were studied. As test surfactants, sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS), sodium alkyl sulfates (AS), sodium alkylpoly (oxyethylene) sulfates (AES), sodium α-olefinsulfonate (AOS), sodium N-acyl-L-glutamate (LG), sodium salt of fatty acid (Soap), alkyltrimethylammonium chloride (ATM), dialkyldimethylammonium chloride (ADM), alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride (ABDM), alkyl poly (oxyethylene) ether (LPE), p-alkylphenyl poly (oxyethylene) ether (NPE), N, N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) alkanamide (LDEA), poly (oxyethylene) ester of fatty acid (PAE) and N, N-bis [poly (oxyethylene)] alkylamine (PEA) were used, and glucose was served as readily biodegradable control in each test set.
The test solutions were incubated at 27°C under an aerobic condition. The rate and degree of biodegradation in the 10-d test period were followed by measuring CO₂ production, total organic carbon (TOC), methylene blue active substances (MBAS) for avionics and iodobismuthate active substances (BIAS) for nonionics.
The results of the comparative biodegradabilities of the surfactants, estimated by biodegradation index, were as follows; (AS, LG) >Soap> (AES, AOS, PAE) >LDEA>LPE>LAS>> (NPE, PEA, ATM, ADM, ABDM).

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